Medication Administration Errors free essay sample

Administrationrsrizontal Violeneed to be considered during the time of administration. verything. Medications should always be Errors By: Amanda Sandstrom Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V April 13, 2013 Problem Statement Medication errors are one of the most common errors in healthcare. Sentinel events lead to research in determining why errors were happening and how they can be prevented. Learning why medication errors occur, and the events leading up to the error is important to understand so policies and procedures can be implemented. Nurses are play a vital role in reporting and preventing medication errors, as the nurses are the last person in the medication administration process. The Institute of Medicine reports 44,000 to 98,000 people die in hospitals annually as a result of medication errors that could have been prevented (Stetina, Groves amp; Pafford, 2005). Deaths caused by medication errors more than doubled in ten years from 2,876 in 1983 to 7,391 in 1993 (Stetina, Groves amp; Pafford, 2005). Medication errors and the complications due to them increase patient stays, costs, and patient disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Medication Administration Errors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Medication administration is a complex process and an error can occur at any point within the process. Prescription, transcription, dispensing and lastly administration are all part of the process. The last process of administration is provided by the nurse who must be vigilant and ensure there were no errors within the whole process before administering the medication. Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this study was to focus on how nurses experience making a medication error, and being involved in the process in which an error occurred, what constitutes a medication error, and what steps need to be taken after an error occur Questions sought to be answered by this study are: What constitutes a medication error? How are medication errors reported? Are the five rights of medication administration used consistently? The answers sought to these questions, and the purpose of this study was relevant to the clinical problem. The Heideggerian phenomenological method was used in this qualitative research, by conducting an eleven question interview. Literature Review The other used several quantitative studies research. The author also used a survey, and journal articles. The references are not current some of them are actually almost thirty years old. The study itself was conducted seven years ago; however current research was used to support this study. The author did not state any specific weakness, but suggests further research of a more diverse geographical population. Additionally research could be done specifically how nurses vary in their practice according to patient load, acuity, and day to day circumstances in the practice environment (Stetina, Groves amp; Pafford, 2005). The study did find adequate information regarding how and why medication errors occur. Unfortunately with medication errors being such a problem in practice there are many causes, and new systems in place for reducing them that are constantly being updated. There is an abundance of literature on this topic all researching different aspects. This study did find that though all the nurses surveyed identified the â€Å"five rights† as the process of medication administration and prevention of errors (Stetina, Groves amp; Pafford, 2005). Many nurses acknowledged not always adhering to the five rights of medication administration; this was especially evident when it came to right time. Many nurses admitted to not always giving medications at the right time, and felt this was not considered to be a medication error. Conceptual / Theoretical Framework The author did not identify a specific perspective in this study. The framework for this study was finding answers to questions regarding medication administration and how errors occur. Nurses in different practice settings were interviewed to find the answers to the questions. The study set out to explore the understanding and management of medication errors by nurses (Stetina, Groves amp; Pafford, 2005). Conclusion Since nurses administer medications they are the last ones in the medication administration process to intercept a possible error, or they can be the ones making the error. It is imperative to be diligent when passing medications. Many advances have been made with the use of bar code medication administration programs, and electronic medical records with electronic ordering. With the advances in technology many nurses have come to be dependent on these systems. Pharmacy has also become a larger part in inpatient settings and nurses in this study have also come to rely more on them to prevent incompatibility complications. Nurses must always keep their clinical reasoning skills sharp, when administering medication we must consider everything. Medications should always be reviewed with patients prior to administration; since patients know what they take and can alert the nurses to a possible error. Lab work, dosage, patient’s weight, allergies, treatments, and compatibility of intravenous medications all need to be considered during the time of administration. Although all of these tools are valuable it is imperative that we do not become dependent upon them, we must use clinical reasoning and judgment to ensure patient safety. References: Clinical reasoning can prevent mediation errors. 2012, August 22). Retrieved from http://confidenceconnected. com/connect/article/clinical_reasoning_can_prevent_medication_errors/ Hartnell, N. , Mackinnon, N. , Sketris, I. , amp; Fleming, M. (n. d. ). Identifying, understanding and overcoming barriers to medication error reporting in hospitals: A focus group study. (2012). BMJ Quality and Safety, 21(5), 361-368. Stetina, P. , Groves, M. , amp; Pafford, L. (n. d. ). Managing medica tion errors: A qualitative study. (2005). Medsurg Nursing, 14(3), 174-178.

Teratogen essays

Teratogen essays Teratogen is the substances in the external environment that can cause the abnormality to the development of the fetus if the mother engrossed them during pregnancy. Overuse of drugs, timing of exposure, individual factors of mother and child, genetic factors, nutritional factors, metabolic factors, and agents such as alcohol, tobacco, and heroin are the main sources of birth defects (FAS). Drugs and alcohol are the most common teratogen because of the prescription and non-prescription drugs that the mother is consuming during their pregnancy. According to the source, the average American woman use at least ten different drugs over the course of their pregnancy and over 80% of those pregnant mother are alcoholic drinkers and over 30% are smokers (PSY 250). Alcohol is the worst teratogen because it can cause more damage to the baby than any kind of drugs. Fatal Alcohol Syndrome known as FAS is the main source of child abnormality. The potential effects of this teratogen to the developing baby are the damage in central nervous system, some facial problems, and mental retardation (FAS). Moreover, low birth weight, poor wake and sleep patterns, hyperactivity, participateness, temper tantrums, poor social skills, and abstracting abilities are the other effects of alcohol (FAS). Teratogen was problem in early years because the babies are suffering more than their parents. Wi th the help of new technologies that are invented like untrasound, doctors can help their patients to tests if the unborn child has any birth defects. Ultrasound also helps to reveal number of abnormalities, as well as an accurate determination of fetal age, the presence of multiple pregnancies, and even fetal sex (Teratogen). Other kinds of treatment that can help the abnormal children are plastic surgeries and genetic engineering which cost the parents lots of money (Teratogen). Birth defects are avoidable. It is depends on the mother if she wants to avoid it or no...

Gulf War III - How successful was Operation Desert Storm Could it have Essay

Gulf War III - How successful was Operation Desert Storm Could it have achieved more How joint was it - Essay Example Moreover it was the case that Iraq stated that they would bombard Israel with rockets should there be any military incursions into the nation of Iraq. So if based upon the parameters of liberating Kuwait, protecting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and protecting Israel than the operation would have been considered a complete success. However, one could argue that there were a number of ancillary objectives such as overthrowing Saddam Hussein, or the liberation of Kurdistan. And taken from this perspective the military incursion would have not been considered an overall success. As a final point, one could also make the argument that one additional objective as argued by Gordon & Trainor (1995) was for the US to demonstrate their military muscle in the middle east. Effectively showcasing their new military technology and superior leadership by Schwarzkopf and Powell. As a result of this action a significant military power in the Middle East had their entire military industrial complex nea rly annihilated. If viewed as a stand alone engagement, it could have been argued that the military engagement could have achieved more insofar as the United States later engaged in hostile action with the nation of Iraq during the second gulf war.

Riordan Manufacturing Staffing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Riordan Manufacturing Staffing strategies - Essay Example tant deadlines to be met, most of the employers don’t evaluate the pros and cons of hiring an individual and unless there are well developed staffing strategies, this will be an ongoing problem. The focus is,†People are your most important asset is wrong. People are not your most important asset: the right people are." (Jim Collins in his book "Good to Great").Hence it is very important to hire the right candidate for the right job. A well developed staffing strategy helps an organization to eliminate problems before they start. A staffing strategy provides overall guidance on how an organization deals with staff. This includes how the organization identifies with new staff, the types of people the organization wants to staff, and how to retain them. Once this strategy is decided upon, the human resource department frames some policies and procedures to support the strategy. Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer founded in 1991, It employs over 550 people and has projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. However over the years, Riordan’s management realized that employee dissatisfaction was quite high and sales sloped downwards. As the business world has become more complex and jobs more technical† (*Shah, Sterrett, Chesser, & Wilmore (2001), many corporations have turned to strategic planning. Today, organizations have realized the importance of its human capital thus, the need to further develop, retain and attract personnel to achieve business objectives. Riordans management team has realized that the companys most important asset is their employees. HRs proactive approach to recruiting the best and brightest candidates will help to provide future leaders for the company as they continue to grow and meet the demanding challenges. In order to accomplish the organizational goals, Riordan must follow suit in attracting

Evolution of the relationship between the EU and China Research Paper

Evolution of the relationship between the EU and China - Research Paper Example Sino-European relations, during the era of the Cold War, were generally derivative of the imperatives of the cold war as well as the broader associations with the superpowers. Because of the ideological and political constraints of this era, the development of commercial and economic relations took the precedence (UN 7). On April 3, 1978, a trade agreement was signed between China and the European Community (EC). This agreement was extended in 1985 to a wider Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). China got the status of Most Favored Nation (MFN) from the EC and embraced Beijing in the GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) provisions from 1980 (Stepan & Ostermann 20). These European Union-China relations, in the past few years, have been growing gradually. Since 2004, the People’s Republic of China has become EU’s second largest trading partner, with the Chinese customs claiming that EU is the biggest trading partner of China. An annual summit between the EU and China’s state/government heads is held, since 1998, to discuss the bilateral and global issues. Moreover, since October 2003, China and EU have recognized each other as effective ‘strategic partners’. The idea that the relations between China and EU have acquired a fresh strategic significance and gained momentum remains fundamental to their strategic partnership (Pastor & Gosset 1). According to the European Union External Service Action, the two sides commenced their relationship in 1975 and the 1985’s Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force to govern their relationship (Para 1). EU remains the largest trading partner of China, while Chin a is its leading supplier of imports and the second biggest 2-way trading partner (European Union External Service Action Para 2). Therefore, EU and China have had bilateral relationship since 1975. The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of the relations between them with the main objective being examining the development of their relationship since 1975 by looking at various aspects of their association. The two sides hold annual summits as well as frequent trade, economic, and political dialogues, including more that 50 sectoral agreements and dialogues, which range from industrial policy to environmental protection, culture or education. Human rights are regularly discussed as a part of the regular political dialogue and during specific dialogues on human rights, held twice a year since 1995. This paper will also clarify that EU and China are allies but not competitors. Events (Economic and Political) Dictating their Relationship and the Key EU Policies The relatio ns between China and the EU have faced some hardships since 2005 with some scholars expressing their deep

Marketing mix and customer loyalty

Marketing mix and customer loyalty This chapter will discuss the findings of this study as outlined in the previous chapter and conclusions drawn. We will start this chapter by summarizing the whole study. Next, we will discuss the results in light of previous studies conducted by other researchers. Subsequently, we will identify the theoretical and managerial implications of the study. Lastly, we will present limitations of the study and directions for future research. The chapter ends with the conclusion of the study. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationships between the marketing mix used by the company and the relationship quality a company had with their customers and their loyalty. In addition, these relationships were tested under a supply shortage situation, to see whether the supply shortage situation would moderate the relationships between the marketing mix and the relationship quality with customer loyalty. Based on the literature review, four dimensions were identified for relationship quality, namely service quality, trust, satisfaction and commitment. The four dimensions for the marketing mix were product, price, place and promotion. For customer loyalty, four dimensions were also identified, repurchase, increase in repurchase volume, recommend and refusal to switch. A total of four hypotheses were developed in this study to match the objectives of the research. They are as follows: Customers perception of the marketing mix is positively related to customer loyalty. Customers perception of the relationship quality is positively related to customer loyalty. Customers perceived environment uncertainty moderates the relationship between marketing mix and customer loyalty. Customers perceived environment uncertainty moderates the relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty. The data for this survey was gathered from construction companies registered with the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of Malaysia. A questionnaire was mailed to the construction companies based on their CIDB ranking and geographical location, thus ensuring that a representative sample was obtained. A total of 800 questionnaires were sent out and 179 were duly returned, giving this study a response rate of 22.4%. To ensure the goodness of measures, factor analysis and reliability test were conducted to test the data collected. Factor analysis was used to test the validity of the measures and the results showed that the extracted factors fit the conceptualized variables. Cronbachs alpha was used to test the reliability of the variable and the results showed that all variables had a sufficient level of reliability. Bivariate correlation analysis were conducted to determine the inter correlations amongst the independent variables and dependent variable. Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis and sub-hypothesis. The study found that 3 of the hypothesis were partially accepted whereas the last hypothesis was rejected. 5.2 Discussions The aim of our study was to ascertain whether a supplier in the construction industry should focus on their companys marketing mix (cognitive component) or should they instead focus more on the relationship quality (affective component) they have with their customers, to ensure that their customers stay loyal to them. Further more, these relationships were also tested under a supply shortage situation, to see whether the relationships between the independent and dependent variables would change, providing us with valuable information for future use. This is because the supply shortage situation periodically happens in Malaysia and subsequently impacts the development of Malaysia as well. Similar research was done by Cater and Cater (2009) and De Rutyer and Semejin (2002) in which emotional motivation was the affective component and rational motivation was the cognitive component. Both researches found that both the affective and cognitive component positively influences customer loyalty. However, the affective component seems to be much stronger than the cognitive component in their findings. Our first hypothesis result seems to mirror those of other studies. van Riel et al (2005), Yoo et al (2000) and Kim and Hyun (2010) have established the effects of the marketing mix on brand equity. They found that companies investing in the marketing mix, product, price, place and promotion, would create brand awareness and a positive brand image. In this way, brand equity would be created, and when brand equity exists, brand loyalty follows. For this study, we replaced brand equity with the suppliers equity and brand loyalty with the customers loyalty. The results show that the companys marketing mix has a positive relationship on customer loyalty. The RÂ ² value indicates that 29% of the variation in customer loyalty can be explained by the variation in the marketing mix. The study found that buyers in construction companies placed great emphasis on the product, price and promotion, but not the place. This is slightly different from results obtained from van riel et al (2005), Yoo et al (2000) and Kim and Hyun (2010). In the aforementioned studies, results indicated that all the 4Ps had significant impact on customer loyalty for their respective industries which were the chemical and retail industry respectively. As this study was conducted in the construction industry, we were dealing with industrial products like cement, steel bars, sand, bricks, which are very expensive and represent a large amount in the cost of a building. Therefore, price would definitely be a very important consideration when purchasing. The product range that a supplier can provide is also important in maintaining their loyalty because a supplier who carries a wide range of products will mean that buyers need not source for other suppliers to fulfil their needs. Therefore this result is consistent with our literature review finding that says product and price play an important part in maintaining customer loyalty. Promotions have also been found to be significant in maintaining customer loyalty. Frequent advertisements seem to keep the supplier in the forefront of the buyers mind, thus increasing both their behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. With the current competitive situation that exists in the construction industry with many suppliers in the market and not many buyers, suppliers need to maintain their existing customers by offering discounts and volume rebates. These types of sales promotions are closely related to the dimension of price, thus a very effective method to maintain customer loyalty. This is similar to what has been postulated by Yoo et al (2000) Place (channel of distribution), was found to not positively affect customer loyalty. This is contradicting with other findings previously highlighted in the literature review. Probably this dimension of the marketing mix does not have an impact on customer loyalty because buyers of construction companies do their purchasing virtually via the internet, through the telephone or via facsimiles. Buyers do not need to physically go to the buyers office to place their orders, thus distribution intensity (the number of branches the supplier have all over Malaysia) would not be important to buyers. Also once they place their order with a supplier, the goods can be shipped anywhere in Malaysia as specified in the order. A buyer in Kuala Lumpur can place an order with a supplier in Ipoh for goods to be delivered to Johor Baharu. This is unlike the retail market in which distribution intensity (the number of stores available) helps to promote loyalty because it makes it easier for the consumer to acquire their goods. Our second hypothesis explores the relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty. Numerous researches have been conducted on this in the B2B as well as B2C contexts. The rational is that when the quality is good, the relationship is successful, thus, leading to customer loyalty. In general, similar results were found in this study, in which we found that buyers in construction companies viewed the relationship quality they had with their supplier as important in maintaining their loyalty to them. The RÂ ² value indicates that 33% of the variation in customer loyalty can be explained by the variation in relationship quality. However, they did not view service quality as an important dimension in relationship quality for maintaining their loyalty to the supplier. Even though past researchers like Caceres and Paparoidamis (2007),Rauyruen and Miller (2006), Hewett et al (2002), Hennig-Thurau and Klee (1997), Storbacka et al (1994), Dorsch et al (1998) and Crosby et al (1990) has advocated that service quality will have an impact on customer loyalty, findings in this study indicate otherwise. This could be caused by the gender and cultural profiles of our respondents as well as the context of the study, which was the construction industry. According to Donthu and Yoo (1998) and Furrer, Shaw and Sudharshan (2000), cultural influences will have an impact on service expectations. All the previous researches mentioned earlier were done in the Western cultural context. Customers in different cultures or countries will have different levels of service expectations because cultures differ in their patterns of behaviour and attitudes. Donthu and Yoo (1998) and Furrer et al (2000) used Hofstedes typology of culture to investigate cultural differences on service expectations. They found that customers in high power distance countries, like Malaysia, were more likely to accept very low levels of service quality or overlook it totally. They would accept or tolerate poor service delivery because of the service providers expertise. For seemingly poor services, the customers of high power distance countries would find excuses for the service providers instead. Thus, in this study, buyers in construction firms in Malaysia do not view service quality as an important dimension in maintaining their loyalty to their supplier as opposed to their Western counterparts. Donthu and Yoo (1998) and Furrer et al (2000) also found that customers in feminine countries like Malaysia which focused on values such as interdependence and relationships did not expect every service encounter to be perfect and would sacrifice the service quality for more important values to them like long term relationships. As 69.3% of our respondents were from the Chinese race, the Confucian dynamic of long term orientation would come into play. The Chinese are more prone to saving face, respect for others and traditions. They do not like to complain and bring shame to others. Thus, in line with this thinking, our findings indicate that trust, commitment and satisfaction are important in maintaining customer loyalty in this study. Also being a very collectivistic country, Malaysian buyers in construction firms would always be looking at how they can preserve harmony in their relationship with the supplier and not rock the boat by complaining behaviour on the service quality provided. They would be willing to overlook the lack or poor service provided by the supplier. Due to this fact, they do not view service quality as being able to maintain their loyalty to the supplier. Gender also plays a role in service quality perceptions and customer loyalty. According to Gocek, Kursun and Beceren (2007) in a research on the role of gender in service quality perceptions in the textile industry, they found that males gave less importance to perceive service quality received compared to females. Males were less bothered about how service quality could enhance their overall satisfaction levels towards their supplier, and ultimately on their loyalty. Thus, in our study, 57.5% of the respondents were males as compared to only 41.9 % females. Therefore based on this, our findings indicated that service quality was not an important dimension in ensuring their loyalty. In line with other research in the literature review, the accepted dimensions of relationship quality like satisfaction, trust and commitment were found to positively affect customer loyalty. Hesket et al (1994), Storbacka et al (1994), Hennig-Thurau and Klee (1997)and Lam et al (2004) posits that when the customer is satisfied, it will impact on the relationship strength and longevity and ultimately on the customers profitability and serve as the key to an organizations success and long term competitiveness. Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001 linked trust to loyalty through performance whereas Sirdeshmukh et al (2002) linked trust to loyalty through value creation. Buyers need to feel that they can trust their suppliers and these can be exhibited by frontline employees (trustworthy behaviour) and management practices (trustworthy practices). Most researchers identify commitment among exchange partners as key to achieving customer loyalty. Morgan and Hunt, 1994, Dick and Basu, 1994 and Oliver, 1999, all agree that relationship commitment is similar to loyalty because of the consequences exhibited like positive word of mouth, rebuy or repurchase a product/service consistently and refusal to switch. Our third hypothesis was also partially accepted, in which the supply shortage situation moderates the relationship between the marketing mix and customer loyalty. In other words, the supply shortage situation affects how the suppliers marketing mix is perceived by the buyers, and this would affect their loyalty. As postulated by Wagner and Gopalakrishna (2001) and Kotler (1974), suppliers in the construction industry should be making intelligent adjustments to the marketing mix to focus on the opportunities presented by the supply shortage situation. Price still remains the most important component of the marketing mix, especially for buyers in construction companies because the procurement of building materials represents a large amount of the building cost. Therefore, suppliers must resist the urge to raise prices as shortage conditions on the grounds of supplier opportunism because by doing so, they will loose their customers instead. Suppliers must also ensure that they do not cut down on production or product lines because of a shortage in the mistaken belief that it would not affect their customers loyalty. Even though there is a shortage supply situation in the construction industry, this does not mean that certain essential building materials are not required by the contractor during that time. In fact, the whole range of building materials from the structural, intermediate to the final stages in the construction process is required, regardless of whether there is a supply shortage for certain materials or not. Therefore, it is important for suppliers to be cognizant of this fact, and ensure that they carry a wide range of product solutions for their customers needs, even though during a supply shortage situation. The place (channel of distribution) also becomes important during a supply shortage situation in maintaining customer loyalty. This is because during a supply shortage situation, buyers will try to reduce their risk of being unable to obtain their supply. Therefore, a rational buyer will maintain their loyalty with a supplier that has intensity of distribution (having many branches all over Malaysia) to ensure that they will be able to get their supply of building materials. A contractor based in Kuala Lumpur, might very well have jobs all over Malaysia, thus by buying from a supplier that has many branches all over Malaysia, this will ensure better coordination in deliveries to various job sites all over Malaysia due to the fact that there would be personnel from the supplier stationed in the relevant geographical area. The buyer would feel more comfortable and confident, thus enhancing their loyalty to the supplier. Our study indicates that promotion becomes less important during a supply shortage situation. This could be because in a shortage situation, products are able to sell themselves. Suppliers need not have promotions and advertisements to maintain their presence in the mind of their customers during a shortage. Their buyers are very much aware of their suppliers and their importance during a time of shortage Our final hypothesis was rejected, indicating that the supply shortage situation does not affect the relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty. In other words, the supply shortage situation has no affect on how the buyer views their relationship quality and their loyalty with the supplier. This is contradictory to findings in the literature review which posits that a supply shortage situation is perceived as a risk. Thus, buyers will try to engage in risk reducing activities such as looking for other suppliers, thus making them less loyal to their existing supplier. However, our findings can be answered by a research done by Wood (2008) in the B2B context for wireless telecommunications. He found that when the buyer was very satisfied with his relationship (indication of good relationship quality) it would instead reduce the inclination of the buyer to search for new alternatives, thus positively influencing the buyers intention to remain with the supplier even during a supply shortage situation. This positive satisfaction with the relationship will instead negatively influence the buyers perception of other available suppliers in the market, thus ensuring the buyers loyalty to his/her existing supplier. 5.2.1. Major results of the study Based on the explanation and discussion above, a summary of the major results are presented as follows: The marketing mix element of price presented by a company has a positive affect on their customers loyalty The marketing mix element of product presented by a company has a positive affect on their customers loyalty The marketing mix element of promotion presented by a company has a positive affect on their customers loyalty The marketing mix element of place presented by a company does not have a positive affect on their customers loyalty The relationship quality element of service quality does not have a positive effect on customer loyalty The relationship quality element of trust has a positive affect on customer loyalty The relationship quality element of satisfaction has a positive affect on customer loyalty The relationship quality element of commitment has a positive affect on customer loyalty The relationship quality has a stronger affect on customer loyalty than the marketing mix The supply shortage situation affects how customers view the marketing mix presented by the company and this would affect their loyalty. The supply shortage situation does not affect how customers view their relationship quality with a company, thus not affecting their loyalty. 5.3 Implications of the study Based on the research findings, several implications related to the theoretical and practical aspects of management will be discussed. 5.3.1 Theoretical implications The theory of cognitive-affective-conative-behavior was used in this study to explain the formation of customer loyalty. This theory suggests that customers loyalty is influenced by both cognitive and affective components. The cognitive components reflect that customers will make conscious evaluations based on information or knowledge such as the price or quality. (Oliver, 1999, Sawmong and Omar, 2004). Cognitive components in this study are represented by the 4Ps, namely product, price, place and promotion. (van Riel et al, 2005,Yoo et al, 2000, Kim and Hyun, 2010) The affective components reflect the fact that customers emotions or feelings are likely to play an important role in their behaviour. (Oliver, 1999) The affective components in this study are represented by relationship quality. (Hewett et al, 2002, Rauyruen and Miller, 2006, Caceres and Paparoidamis, 2007) The conative-behaviour is accompanied by the desire to an intended action. (Oliver, 1999) It can be exhibited through various ways through the customers behaviour; most commonly cited are repeat patronage (behavioural loyalty) and positive word of mouth (attitudinal loyalty). The findings in this research is consistent with the postulated theory. Both cognitive and affective components have an effect on customer loyalty. In this study, the RÂ ² for marketing mix was 29% and for relationship quality is was 33%. This indicates that the relationship quality has a strong affect on customer loyalty than the marketing mix. Research by Cater and Cater (2009) and De Rutyer and Semejin (2002) support this statement. In these researches, the affective component was found to be stronger than the cognitive component. Customers therefore seem to value the emotional we like more than the rational we benefit. Cater and Cater (2009) surmises that because of this findings, customers are not as rational as they should be, or much more likely, that rational benefits are perceived as minor in their decision making. In this case, the heart rules the head in the making of decision of continued loyalty. 5.3.2 Managerial implications From this study, we can draw several managerial implications as follows: The marketing mix presented by a company plays an important role in influencing their customers loyalty. Therefore, managers should not neglect the elements of price, product and promotion in their marketing strategies. Price is a very important consideration in purchasing in the construction industry as building materials are very expensive and make up a large amount of the construction cost. All buyers in construction companies would be very price sensitive due to this fact. Managers must ensure that they price their products competitively, according to the going rate. Pricing too high will have a negative affect unlike consumer goods which provide an impression of quality. ( Yoo et al, 2000) Managers should also pay attention to promotions to keep their company in the forefront of their customers mind. With the current competitive situation that exists in the construction industry with many suppliers in the market and not many buyers, suppliers need to maintain their existing customers by offering discounts and volume rebates. These types of sales promotions are closely related to the dimension of price, thus a very effective method to maintain customer loyalty. This is also similar to what has been postulated by Yoo et al (2000). Lastly, managers should make sure that their companies carry a wide range of products as this will ensure that their customers need not source for other suppliers to fulfil their orders. The relationship quality that a company has with their customer is also important in maintaining their customers loyalty. Managers should pay attention to their companys relationship management strategies and ensure that their customers are satisfied, trust and committed to the relationship they have with the company. Managers should focus on frontline employees especially sales personnel to ensure that they exhibit trustworthy behaviour. Management must ensure that they are ethical and honest in their dealings with customers, thus fostering a climate of trust. (Sirdeshmukh, 2002). To cultivate commitment, managers should place more emphasis on activities that produce strong positive feelings of affiliation and camaraderie between their company and customers. (Kumar et al, 1994). In general, satisfaction is a persons feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance in relations to his or her expectations. (Storbacka et al, 1994) Thus, ma nagers should focus on product and service quality and put in the effort to creating a high perception of these elements to ensure that their customers are not disappointed, but delighted instead. Supply shortages periodically occur in the construction industry. Thus, managers need to know how to manage their customer loyalty during such times. This study shows that the supply shortage situation affects how customers view the marketing mix presented by the company and this would affect their loyalty. Therefore, managers should be making intelligent adjustments to the marketing mix to focus on the opportunities presented by the period of uncertainty (shortage). By recognizing the changing environment, organizations can still retain their customers and enhance their profitability. (Kotler, 1974, Wayne and Gopalakrishna, 2001). As product, price and place have been found to affect customers loyalty during a supply shortage situation, managers should focus on these three elements. This means that they should not simply increase prices, reduce product lines and cut down on channels of distribution. Instead, managers should ensure that they price competitively, ensure that they carr y enough product lines and not shut down any branches/cut down on sales personnel during a shortage situation. As promotions was found to not affect customer loyalty during a supply shortage situation, managers can then save some spending and cut down on their sales promotion and advertising budgets. The supply shortage situation does not affect how customers view their relationship quality with a company, thus it does not affect their loyalty. However, this does not mean that managers should neglect the quality of the relationship they have with their customers. Managers should continue to do what they have been doing during normal periods. Ensure that your customers are satisfied and happy with the existing relationship they have by continually meeting their requirements and delighting them always. Overall, in a normal situation, to maintain their customers loyalty, a company should pay more attention to the relationship quality because it has been found to have a stronger affect. However, this does not mean that managers can neglect the marketing mix, because it has also been found to have an affect on customer loyalty. Therefore, prudent managers should pay attention to both cognitive and affective components to maintain their customers loyalty. However, when a supply shortage situation occurs, managers who focus on their marketing mix can reap substantial gains in their customers loyalty as opposed to the relationship quality. For managers, this provides them with valuable information on which aspect to focus on to advance their customers loyalty. Therefore, they can formulate strategic plans that suit the existing situation. 5.4 Limitations of the study The results should be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study. They are as follows: The sample surveyed. Our population for the study comprised of all organizations registered with the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of Malaysia. There are many more contractors which are not registered with the CIDB. Therefore, the results should be carefully considered as being representative of the construction industry as not all organizations in the construction industry were sampled. It should be noted that 62% of the respondents were private limited corporations which were locally owned. As such, smaller contractors might not have enough representation in this study. This study was conducted in the construction industry, thus it may limit the generalization to other industries and business to business settings. The study is based on perceptions. As such, the inherent limitations of perception studies are acknowledged. The respondents responses represent what they consider to be facts rather than what the facts actually are. Another limitation might be that the data was collected via a self administered questionnaire. There is concern in the study that customer do not always perform as they say they will and might not answer truthfully for a variety of personal or organizational reasons. The study asked for the questionnaire to be answered by someone in the organization who has done purchasing and experienced a supply shortage situation before. It should be noted that there is room for bias as we cannot ascertain that the respondent that answered the questionnaire fulfils that criteria. Due to the time constraints, a cross sectional study was conducted. As such, changes in the variables under study over time, especially the dimensions of relationship quality and customer loyalty may limit the possibility to infer causation. 5.5 Directions for future research While this study advances the knowledge of customer loyalty in the construction industry, it also provides additional opportunities for future research. Future researches should consider having more or different marketing mix dimensions instead of using the 4Ps. This might lead to different findings for customer loyalty. The same applies for relationship quality, in which different dimensions are used instead of the generally accepted ones of trust, satisfaction and commitment. Future research can also enhance this study by having a larger sample that covers all organizations in the construction industry, irregardless of whether they are registered with CIDB. Hardware companies are also involved in the construction industry by supplying building materials to contractors. They also frequently encounter supply shortage situations, thus, for future research, they can also be considered. Because nothing is manipulated in this study, it is difficult to make causal inferences from the data. Perceived marketing mix and the relationship quality could be illusive reflections, distinct from the actual efforts put in by the company. To investigate more thoroughly the causal impact of each independent variable towards loyalty, future researchers could design and conduct experiments manipulating the levels of the independent and the moderating variables. 5.6 Conclusion The main objective of this study was to examine the relationships between the marketing mix used by the company and the relationship quality a company had with their customers and their loyalty in the construction industry. In addition, these relationships were tested under a supply shortage situation, to see whether the supply shortage situation would moderate the relationships between the marketing mix and the relationship quality with customer loyalty. Overall, this study has provided some empirical evidence that a companys marketing mix and the relationship quality with their customers has positive impact on their customers loyalty. The marketing mix components had varying degrees of significant relationships to customer loyalty. Product, price and promotion were found to have positive relationships with customer loyalty. Place was found not to have an affect on customer loyalty. The relationship quality components also had varying degrees of significant relationships to customer loyalty. Trust, satisfaction and commitment were found to have positive relationships with customer loyalty. However, service quality was found not to have any affect on customer loyalty. Overall, relationship quality was found to have a stronger affect on customer loyalty in the construction industry. Perhaps the main contribution of this study is the evidence that the significance of cognitive and affective components in customer loyalty changes during a perceived environment uncertainty. Cognitive components become more important to customer during a supply shortage situation than affective components. Cater and Cater (2009) theme of rational we benefit rules against the emotional

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - Frame Narrative Essay -- Wuthering

Wuthering Heights:  Ã‚   Frame Narrative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frame narrative is described as a story within a story. In each frame, a different individual is narrating the events of the story. There are two main frames in the novel Wuthering Heights. The first is an overlook provided by Mr. Lockwood, and the second is the most important. It is provided by Nelly Dean, who tells the story from a first-person perspective, and depicts the events that occur through her life at Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nelly Dean is a native of the moors and has lived all her life with the characters whose story she tells. Although she is an uneducated woman, Emily Bronte manages to express Nelly as a capable storyteller in two explanations. The first is how Lockwood comments on her intelligence and expression, and believes she is one of the more intelligent minds of the moors: Excepting a few provincialisms of slight consequence, you have no marks of the manners which I am habituated to consider as peculiar to your class. I am sure that you have thought a good deal more than the generality of servants think. You have been compelled to cultivate your reflective faculties for want of occasion for frittering your life away in silly trifles. The second explanation of Nelly’s thought and expression is through the wisdom she has achieved through the harsh discipline she has endured over her life, and through the good libraries at the Heights and Grange that have given her knowledge and a wide vocabulary.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miss. Dean never mentions anyone ... ...es: he minded little what tale was told since he had what he wanted.†   Ã‚      Her criticism of the other characters and her loyalty towards them not only make her a good narrator, but also an excellent servant and a confidant to the characters. Even though she is a servant, her intelligence and knowledge of self-worth create equality between her and the other characters, giving her the ability to speak her mind. Nelly’s narration comes from being closely and privately involved in the lives of the characters in the story. She not only acts as a witness to the events in their lives, but also as somewhat of a judge and critic to their actions. Nelly is our guide through the story, and without her voice, we would never be aware of the strange and amazing events that occurred in Wuthering Heights.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Tda 2.6

Assessment Task- TDA 2. 6 Help improve own and team practice in schools. 3. Understand the work of a team. This essay will demonstrate my knowledge about working as a team, the importance of it and who forms the team at the school where I work. I will look at the aims of my school and where I fit into that as a voluntary Teaching Assistant and I will also show how other members of the team all work together to reach the same goal. One person alone could not complete the entire workload a school requires to function.To teach, to feed, to make safe, to make a happy place all needs the work of a very dedicated team who work together to achieve the same goal, at Priestsic Primary and Nursery school where I work this is: â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. † And this team is also encouraged to: â€Å"allow the children to reach as high a level as their ability allows increasing their pleasure, understanding and confidence. †Priestsic Primary School-Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. This is all achieved by individuals who work together, sharing ideas and knowledge to make a really good team a great one. The school staff are not the only ones encouraged to practice teamwork â€Å"Children are encouraged to work as part of a team and to respect other people’s beliefs and feelings. † Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010 This message is enforced in the Schools Home School Agreement which is given out to parents at the start of a child coming to school.There is no doubt that my school values teamwork in everyone who is associated with it. The morale of the school is very high and I have seen for myself that everyone I ask a question of, they are willing to help and if they don’t know an answer they will find someone for me who does. It is enjoyable to be at a school where everyone is happy to help each other and it is absolute ly motivational and if I feel this way as a partial outsider, then the children must also feel very proud that they belong to a school with staff members who really care about them and their education.The purpose and objectives of the team in which I work is to be focussed and knowledgeable about literacy and Maths. The teacher in the class that I work in is the Literacy co-ordinator for the Year and the teacher in the opposite side of the classroom is the Maths co-ordinator so the two teachers work very closely together, they complement each other. One takes charge of the Literacy activities and the other devises the Maths activities and they share these within the classrooms.My working environment is split into two sides with a dividing curtain, my teacher has 30 children and the other teacher has 30 children and together they make up Year Two at the school. The two teachers are constantly consulting each other about Maths and Literacy matters and they share ideas between themselv es. I work with both of the teachers and they will often give me a group of children to work with who perhaps need more support and they will introduce activities to me by explaining what they are and if I need to give specific help to someone they will give me the time to do this.The qualified Teaching Assistants in the class will help the teachers set up the activities and help with the planning and then I help, when I go in , executing the practicalities like setting out tables or making displays. â€Å"members of the team will need to understand their role and how it fits with the role of other members of the team†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Burnham and Baker 2010 When I first began my placement at Priestsic Primary and Nursery School I was given a â€Å"Teaching Assistant Student booklet† and it defines my role by stating: What will be expected of you:The children spend quite a lot of time sat on the carpet, particularly during numeracy and literacy. You will be expected to either su pport particular children or to be sat in the classroom preparing resources/displays. It goes on to say that You may also be expected to: Sharpen pencils File children’s work Supervise children’s milk time. This is my role as a student and it is what I do whenever I go into my placement. The qualified Teaching Assistant works very closely with me whose role it is to: †¢ Work under the direct instruction of teaching/senior staff, usually in the classroom. To attend to the pupils personal needs. †¢ To prepare the classroom as directed. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. I usually help the Teaching Assistant with her role so as to free up the teacher so she can carry out her role, which includes: †¢ Teaching all areas of the primary curriculum †¢ Organising the classroom and learning resources to create a positive learning environment. †¢ Plan, prepare and present lessons that cater for the needs of the whole ability range within the class and to †¢ Work with others to plan and co-ordinate work.TES. co. uk So the teacher, Teaching Assistant and Student Teaching Assistant all work very closely together in the classroom to support the children, we also rely on the help of the midday supervisors to look after the children at mealtimes, they ensure that they sit and eat nicely that the children clear up after themselves and they ensure acceptable standards of behaviour are maintained in the playground afterwards. If they do not they inform the teacher and necessary action will be taken, such as that child missing the next playtime.Teachers also need the help of the Administration staff who answer the telephone and act as a first point of contact for the school. They send out any necessary letters, they monitor and control visitors with the help of the Site Manager who is responsible for who comes onto the site and the security of the building. Our Site Manager at the school will also help the Teacher if she needs chairs or tables getting for displays, he cleans up any spillages and he changes the toilet rolls and is responsible for the general groundwork of the school.All of these people who help form the team at school are ultimately responsible to the Head teacher whose role it is to: †¢ Lead and manage the school †¢ To ensure the achievement of educational standards †¢ To promote and safeguard the welfare of the children. †¢ To work in partnership with the governing body, staff and parents generating the ethos and values which will underpin the school. TES. co. uk Every single person who works at a school has an important job to do even the cleaners who make a great job of keeping the classrooms clean and tidy.Without the skills set of all these people the school would not function properly and so for that reason I respect everyone who I work with. I might not know about a hazardous substance so I would have to rely on the expertise of a cleaner or the Site Manager to tell m e if I could use it or not. I do not understand the workings of the curriculum so I would need the help of the teacher to explain it to me. I think that it is absolutely vital to respect the skills and expertise of other practitioners, especially at the moment when I am so new to the school working environment.I never take anyone for granted and always listen to what they have to say. Everyone is different and even if two people have done the same course to come back and teach a class they will have different ways of doing so. I would personally never dream of going into school and try to tell somebody what to do because I feel that I don’t have the knowledge yet to do so, as described by Burnham and Baker 2010; â€Å"If a member of your team has been working in schools for a long time and a new person comes in and tells them that things should be done in a different way, it will cause bad feeling and resentment. I could not agree more with this statement and feel that you w ould gain more respect by showing that you are open to ideas and suggestions from other members of staff. It is invaluable to me to have done so from first going into school, I have learnt so much from different people and I have found that everyone treats me the same way in which I treat them, friendly, honestly and respectfully. I thoroughly enjoy working as part of a team that makes up a school.Although I am still learning about where everybody fits in I feel that every time I go into my school I learn something new about peoples roles and how they work in the successful team that is Priestsic Primary and Nursery school. Everyone values each other and no one is selfish, the staff share ideas and work together professionally to maintain the schools aim â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. Teamwork is not only important in schools it is probably the most important thing in schoo ls where Teachers, Teaching Assistants, Midday Supervisors, Admin staff, Cleaners, the Site Manager and the Head teacher all work together to make the school a happy, safe, educational place to be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Priestsic Primary School – Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010. Burnham and Baker 2010. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. TES. co. uk

Free Essays on Castles

In 1494 the armies of the French king, Charles VIII, invaded Italy to capture the kingdom of Naples. They swept through the country and bombarded and destroyed many castles. This invasion signaled the end of the castle as a stronghold of defense. For centuries it had been the dominant fortification in Western Europe for the defense of kings, nobility, and townspeople. Ancient cities were often walled to keep out invaders, and within the walls there was usually a citadel, a strongly built fortification occupying the highest or militarily most advantageous position. A castle is much like such a walled city and its citadel contracted into a smaller space. Castles were basically fortified locations. The word itself comes from the Latin castellum. Up to the 6th century fortifications were primarily communities in which most of the population lived. But in the middle of the 6th century, the armies of the Byzantine Empire began to build strong forts as defensive positions. For the next few centuries this castle building was confined to the Byzantine Empire, but later hordes of Islamic warriors who swept out of Arabia to conquer the Middle East, North Africa, and much Byzantine territory also started building such forts. Western Europe, in the depths of the Dark Ages from the 5th through the 9th century, had no such works. But late in the 9th century, as local lords and kings began to consolidate power, castle building began probably in France. Once begun, castle building spread rapidly to other areas. But it was not until the 12th and 13th centuries, after the Crusaders returned from their wars against Islam in Palestine, that castles as imposing as those of the Byzantine or Islamic empires were constructed in Europe. Many of the stone castles of the late Middle Ages still stand. Some are tourist attractions, in various states of repair, along the Rhine River from Mainz to Cologne in Germany, dotted about the French countryside, or perched on ... Free Essays on Castles Free Essays on Castles In 1494 the armies of the French king, Charles VIII, invaded Italy to capture the kingdom of Naples. They swept through the country and bombarded and destroyed many castles. This invasion signaled the end of the castle as a stronghold of defense. For centuries it had been the dominant fortification in Western Europe for the defense of kings, nobility, and townspeople. Ancient cities were often walled to keep out invaders, and within the walls there was usually a citadel, a strongly built fortification occupying the highest or militarily most advantageous position. A castle is much like such a walled city and its citadel contracted into a smaller space. Castles were basically fortified locations. The word itself comes from the Latin castellum. Up to the 6th century fortifications were primarily communities in which most of the population lived. But in the middle of the 6th century, the armies of the Byzantine Empire began to build strong forts as defensive positions. For the next few centuries this castle building was confined to the Byzantine Empire, but later hordes of Islamic warriors who swept out of Arabia to conquer the Middle East, North Africa, and much Byzantine territory also started building such forts. Western Europe, in the depths of the Dark Ages from the 5th through the 9th century, had no such works. But late in the 9th century, as local lords and kings began to consolidate power, castle building began probably in France. Once begun, castle building spread rapidly to other areas. But it was not until the 12th and 13th centuries, after the Crusaders returned from their wars against Islam in Palestine, that castles as imposing as those of the Byzantine or Islamic empires were constructed in Europe. Many of the stone castles of the late Middle Ages still stand. Some are tourist attractions, in various states of repair, along the Rhine River from Mainz to Cologne in Germany, dotted about the French countryside, or perched on ...

how things happen and reoccur in history essays

how things happen and reoccur in history essays The colonies of the late 1600s and the early 1700s were formed because in England many people were being persecuted because of their religious beliefs. So to get away from the persecution, the people of England wanted to go to a place where everything seemed perfect( because thats what the advertising for America was saying). Where they wouldnt be forced to do or not do(religious celebrations) they didnt want to. So they came to America and settled in the colonies. The Native Americans who had already been there were curious and scared of these new people coming in there land. So at first they didnt know what to do. The Indians being the great people they were helped the colonist out in the new land. They showed them easier and more efficient ways of getting things done. Plus the colonist had indentured slaves so they hardly had to work, it was mostly the Indians. this helped the inexperienced colonists out, making their adjustment to the new world simpler. Basically the co lonist had it made. They asked questions and the Indians answered them. So the better things got the more people came over. So the Indians being the huge help, were inviting them over. So they were thanked by being exiled out. So the colonies began to grow and more colonies started to form. Meaning more an more space was beginning to disappear in the mass ship loads of people coming over. More and more people, less and less land and the original landowners( the Native Americans), were losing their property fast. So eventually they were pushed out into the west until now, there are only a few tribes left. Being the Situation, the social reason is they are losing out of, or lost, the Native Americans cultures and customs, and that would be a major loss. America today was known as a melting pot because we carry so many cultures and customs and mix them together , Would it be right to push one ou ...

Summary of Genesis 27-45 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of Genesis 27-45 - Essay Example The passage generates two major phenomenon; irony and radical reversals. Irony is seen when characters are extremely deceptive and end up earning privilege rather than punishment. For instance, Jacob deceives his father, Laban to Joseph and Rachel to Jacobs’s family. Irony and radical reversal too is evident when Jacob the lastborn is blessed instead of Esau the firstborn as it is the tradition. Esau receives lesser blessing in addition to being excluded from the covenant forever. This passage is important as it shows humanity that choices have consequences. Esau lost his inheritance for choosing a bowl of soup; Rachel suffered for hiding the idols and Jacobs brother suffered for selling in Egypt. This passage reveals world division by way of binary opposites, initiated at the creation story. Just like male opposes female as per the creation story, Jacob and Esau are absolutely different in everything right from their occupations, behaviour and appearances. Another pair of binary opposites is Rachel and Leah both struggling for Jacobs affections. Oppositions are also seen in intangible elements like the match between man and God, contrast between famine and abundance. This passage is important as it shows the Gods way of working with humanity. It shows how God creates realms of contrasting reversals, symbols, and forces to suggest through whom and how His covenant is to be

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example Business ethics requires the view of all business activities through the moral values lens to determine their acceptability in the society. For smooth business operations, all business actors must understand various issues such as the personal aspects of business including family, sex, marriage and friendship, individual rights, and the moral values ascribed by society within which the business operate. This paper entails discussion of chapters covered between week 4 and 8 and identification of different sources of information with information relevant to the readings. â€Å"It’s Not My Problem†: The Concept of Responsibility (Chapter 8) The concept of responsibility is applied in business in different ways in which every actor in the business world has a role to play. The different forms of responsibilities in the business field include consumer responsibility, corporate responsibility and shareholder responsibility. The view of these responsibilities through the busin ess ethics lens converts them into moral responsibilities and prima facie obligations. In this case, all business actors are obliged to ensure fulfillment of such responsibilities in orders for the business undertakings to have constructive ends or positive impact on the society. Lange and Washburn (2012) have explored the meaning irresponsible behavior in the business world to divert attention from what corporate social responsibility implies, to what business actors do that is against the expectation of responsible behavior. The information covered by the two authors closely relates to information covered in this chapter in which much emphasis has been put on the different responsibilities and the misunderstanding of the responsibility concept in business. According to Lange and Washburn (2012), business responsibility is deeply rooted in the external expectations and the perception of the people experiencing the business activities. The survival and success of a business organiza tion or venture greatly depends on the widespread external perception as to whether the organization acts in socially responsible manner and the ability to meet external expectations. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that the responsibility concept in business does not imply going against self-interests in the business venture but the need to strike a balance between self-interests and societal interests. The greatest dilemma in business ethics revolves around the conflict of responsibilities, where individual’s power may be limited by external expectations or responsibilities. Social Responsibility and the Stakeholder (Chapter 9) Social responsibility in the business world refers to the different roles that businesses and actors in the business world have by virtue of operating within the society. The concept of corporate social responsibility encompasses the social concerns of stakeholders and the economic interests of business owners and shareholders. The corpor ate world and the society directly depend on each other, where the society cannot function in absence of economic and social roles of corporations while at the same time corporations cannot exist without the society. The stakeholder approach in business social responsibilities ensures that business owners commit to serve broader interests, in addition to the business economic and