Stubborn Pride in The Stone Angel :: essays research papers

In the novel there is notice of the battle cry of the Curries, â€Å"Gainsay who dare!† (15). Such an interpretation might be Contradict me (us) on the off chance that you set out to. There is an overwhelming topic of obstinate pride in The Stone Angel, which makes the novel pointed to its perusers. Pride alludes to a solid feeling of sense of pride, a refusal to be mortified just as satisfaction in the achievements of oneself or an individual, gathering, or item that one relates to. Pleased originates from late Old English prud, likely from Old French stick in the mud fearless, valiant. There are dangerous and productive impacts of obstinate pride in that pride is a twofold edged blade and isolates tendency and reaction. There is a sure measure of pride that accompanies societal position. Jason Currie was an independent man who had handled his own problems (7). Hagar was pleased with her dad's prosperity, by virtue of he had started without cash (14). Hagar expressed, Father invested heavily in the store - you'd have thought it was the just one on earth. It was the first in Manawaka, so I surmise he had due cause† (9). Hagar relates the Stone Angel as being my mom's blessed messenger that my dad purchased in pride to check her bones and declare his dynasty†¦ (3). Hagar's dad was an incredibly glad man, a quality that was definitely given to his little girl, and he invested wholeheartedly in this horribly costly sculpture, which had been brought from Italy †¦ and was unadulterated white marble (3). Hagar brings to mind showing her pride as youthful as age 6 when she says, There was I, swaggering the board walkway like a somewhat little peacock, dazzling, haughty, hoity-toity, Jason Cur rie's dark haired girl (6). The Currie's idea a whole lot themselves, this is indicated when Hagar talks about her dad, saying, Matt and Dan and I generally realized he would never have forced himself to wed his maid (17). Very frequently however, pride can be the characterizing quality that prompts the grievous saint's unfortunate ruin. Exorbitant pride likewise appears itself as haughtiness. It meddles with the person's acknowledgment of the beauty of God, or the value which God finds in others. As Mr. Troy asks Hagar, â€Å"Don’t you accept, in God’s interminable Mercy?† (120), she replys â€Å"What’s so tolerant about Him, I’d like to know?† (120). Hagar had grown such pride in herself that she had even relinquished God, or the way that she required God.

Project Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Undertaking Management 2 - Essay Example ts ought to have a MSc degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology or a related field, they ought to have in any event ten years pertinent involvement with driving innovation applications, oversee and activity of an examination program, They ought to know about cutting edge sequencing procedures and strategies working with atomic diagnostics of plants just as creature pathogens. The person who gets the chance to meet all requirements for the activity ought to likewise be educated in the accompanying fields of study in particular; use of genomic devices in a wide scope of issues, atomic science strategies for look into, apparatuses of sub-atomic science and innovation of bioinformatics. Versatility is vital for one to land the position. They ought to be prepared to learn and adjust to new innovation and techniques that will upgrade program viability and learning. They will be working in a multicultural multiracial condition and they will be relied upon to regard and work successfully and productively with their partners. They ought to be can arrange ,compose and see to fruition specialized exercises of research stages, they ought to have brilliant individuals and authoritative aptitudes, have a decent dominance of English both composed and spoken and in conclusion they should be PC

Nonfiction To Read If Youd Like to Follow Owls Around

Nonfiction To Read If Youd Like to Follow Owls Around Have you watched this amazing story about following owls yet? If you came across NPRs story on the path of a snowy owl, you might have really enjoyed it. You might have even watched it a few times. If, like me, you watched it way too many times and began to question  the value of non-bird  existence, then maybe its time to explore a little bit further here. There are such fantastic themes in Adam Coles video piece on following a specific Snowy Owls movement from Baltimore to the North not just about owls themselves and their travelling ways, but about humans who are surprised and overwhelmed by  this owlish process. So, thanks NPR, and Adam Cole, for producing a story so fantastic, it deserved its own booklist: The Homing Instinct: Meaning and Mystery in Animal Migration by Bernd Heinrich Is this one too on the nose? Heinrich starts his book immediately through the comparison of his trip leaving Germany to the pigeons ability to return home when released in a strange area. And he goes from there. Its clear this author has lots to talk about and many many birds to consider. The Genius of Birds by Jennifer Ackerman I love how this one starts out by analyzing our view of birds as creatures lacking intelligence (i.e. bird brain). The best part about this is the recognition of intelligence as a flexible term that seems inflexible. The Owl Who Liked Sitting on Caesar: Living with a Tawny Owl by Martin Windrow Along with a warning about when one should adopt an owl (pretty much never), Windrow goes into the long story of his life with an owl as a pet and a background of owl-life in general. With an interesting look into everyday life with an owl friend and how the world reacts to such a relationship, Windrows work is a rare example. Or, if youre interested in the culture of Americas response to nature in general, an issue often overlooked, check out: Trace: Memory, History, Race and the American Landscape by Lauret Savoy Beautifully written, this book focuses on the great travelling of humans across landscapes. Ive just started this one, and the writing itself is overwhelming. Savoy knows how to present nature and people together and juxtaposed against each other. There are lots of important cultural notes within that unfold with each naturalistic scene. Best American Science and Nature Writing, 2015 edited by Rebecca Skloot. You just cant go wrong in the introduction to conservation and naturalistic writing to approach it from the essay. This version of the Best American series can provide the most updated, clearest narratives of consideration in science. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Analysis Of Maya s The Maya - 942 Words

Maya Secrets Locked in Stone Maya scholars debated for decades over the fate of the Maya. Recent evidence from an unlikely source, points a sustained drought in the 9th and 10th Centuries. Stalagmites and Stone Carvings Offer Clues on the Collapse of the Maya Civilization Circa 900 A.D., the Maya world fell apart. How could an ancient Meso American civilization flourish for hundreds of years only to fade into the forest? That riddle has perplexed scholars ever since 19th century explorers John Stephens and Frederick Catherwood first stumbled upon moldering ruins to discover lost cities, vine-covered temples and an infrastructure worthy of a small kingdom. Although the full extent of what befell Maya cities like Tikal and Copan, on the Yucatan-Peten Peninsula in present day Mexico and Central America, remains a mystery. Research points to a change in long-term weather patterns likely brought about their decline. Part of a growing body of evidence, popularized by academics, like Jared Diamond, that a prolonged drought preceded by abundant rainfall had turned prosperous Maya city-states into desolate ghost towns. A Cave Yield’s Clues Recent studies have shed new light on this phenomenon. According to a paper published in Science magazine, between 820 and 870 A.D., the Maya received 40 percent less rainfall than in prior decades. Scientists surmise that the lack of rainfall tore at the social fabric of the Maya civilization. The findings are based on theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Alone979 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Angelou’s â€Å"Alone† is an incredible narrative poem that readers can relate to. This poem is about realizing that no matter who you are, or where you come from, or how much money you have, you need other human beings to survive in this world. In life you need people who love you and help you through hardships. The poem is easy to read and understand because of the simplicity of the diction. Angelou uses the phrase, â€Å"That nobody, / But nobody / Can make it out here alone,† to get her point acrossRead MoreAnalysis Of Queen Maya s Queen 911 Words   |  4 Pag esBuddhism originated in a particular place at a particular time, and its roots are in forms and beliefs that were part of the environment in which it advanced. Queen Maya begins the story when she dreams about a white elephant and how she will have a son that will either be a great king or a great religious leader. Many books describe this sense a little different. Kinnard explains how Siddhartha Gautama was born and got up and walked towards the way of a great religious leader. A few weeks laterRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Angelou 2396 Words   |  10 Pagesmarriage and Father shipped us home to mother† (Angelou 7). 1. This excerpt comes from the beginning of chapter one. The narrator, who is also the main character Maya Angelou, informs her reader of her family status. 2. The author informs us that she is currently living with her Father’s mother due to the separation of their parents. 3. Maya Angelou includes this passage to show that there is no perfect marriage and provide knowledge as to how hard it was live back then. This passage is significantRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Poem, Africa1491 Words   |  6 Pagesbut rather a symbol for all those whose origins begin in Africa. Maya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Africa,† paints a portrait of the history of Africa. Her canvas depicts the beautiful landscapes with its people far and wide as well as those who were abducted from its shores. The three stanzas, which make up the poem, construct a story about a nation that was beaten, raped and left behind to die, and despite that was triumphant in the end. Maya Angelou’s poem is a tribute to the struggles and triumphs of AfricaRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s A Great Author 1080 Words   |  5 Pagestheir lives. Our emotions are stepping stones to help us do what is right whether if it is standing up for ourselves and countries, building and su pporting our families and even sometimes using our emotions to get what is best for us. A great author, Maya Angelou, showed us all the ways that our advantages have been encouraged and inspiring. One advantage is that women do not have to fight in combat. Now more than ever, women are being allowed to make great strides in participating in protecting ourRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Caged Bird 1835 Words   |  8 Pagespopulation, it is very easy to know all of the famous African American people. Growing up with my grandparents, I always heard a lot about the loving Dr. Maya Angelou. She was a tremendous figure in their lives and a phenomenal woman. One day my family was sitting outside, and my mom was reading a book with a lot of famous poems. The one she read aloud was Maya Angelou’s poem â€Å"Caged Bird.† She was so emotional reading this poem. During that time, I did not understand her emotions. At my high school, we wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Champion Of The World 1474 Words   |  6 Pagesstrongest in the 1950’s, today’s world still deals with racial discrimination. The question â€Å"Is one race superior to all oth ers?† Some overcome this by believing one person can change how other races perceive them or by confronting the public and shining light on what’s going on in the world. Throughout this paper I will discuss how every person overcomes the stereotypes they face everyday. I will then analyze how stereotyping and discrimination can affect the lives of many, In Maya Angelou’s chapterRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Novel, Champion Of The World Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Freedom to Respect† Maya Angelou, poet and author communicates an extraordinary article â€Å"Champion of the World.† Student and writer, Sara Maratta, shares her astonishing views in an article â€Å"Move Over Boys, Make Room in the Crease.† Even though Angelou and Maratta share views of discrimination in the sports arena, as well as how sports can empower an individual to represent an entire group of people, they differ in defining what is at stake when it comes to winning the big game. Angelou uses theRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1575 Words   |  7 Pagesbegins to feel different, and wish they were someone or something â€Å"better†. In Maya Angelou’s autobiography she demonstrates what its like growing up in a racist community and how it feels to be the outcast. Angelou continuously speaks about being someone different her ideal self, something she is completely different from. She feels this way due to the racist society she lives in. In I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou demonstrates in her autobiography in 1969 that even with love and affectionRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.† By Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This is the quote my mom has been telling me every day since I was 13 and able to understand it. Maya Angelou wrote this poem in 1969 and it still speaks to millions of people today. Millions of people who have everything to say but never speak. This is just one example, my example on how relatable poems are even if they are hundreds of years old. Being able to relate to a poem

Athena The Goddess of War and Skill - 907 Words

The shield with the flying horse on it lets us know that this Goddess is a warrior. This is most likely the warrior Goddess or Goddess of war and skill, Athena. Athena is depicted here defending herself with her shield; she is often seen with a shield or a spear. Athena is the Greek virgin Goddess of war, arts, and literature. Athena was born out of Zeus’s head full grown as well as in full armor. There are many variations of Athena’s birth, for example, one of them says that Hephaestus split open the head of Zeus with an ax to ease the birth. In some instances of this myth, Prometheus or even Hermes is a helper in the birth. She is very brave and fierce in battle but only ones that defend her state from outside enemies. Her father, Zeus, allows her to use his weapons, including the thunderbolt, because she is said to be his favorite child. Her being born in full armor and full grown â€Å"allegorizes† the three basic characteristics of Athena, which are her expertise in skill and war, her wisdom, and the masculinity of her virgin nature. The fact that she is typically depicted in battle or with a shield and other weapons also shows her three basic characteristics. There is no visible relationship between the function of the artifact, a vase, and the scene of Athena other than the scene on the vase being able to tell a story and show Athena. Other than that there is no visible relationship between Athena and the use of the vase. This vase could have been used for decoration inShow MoreRelatedAthenas Impact on the Lives of Ancient Greeks Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesAthena was the Greek Goddess of many ideas, but she was famous mostly for her superior wisdom, her cunning skills in times of war, and her implausible talent for household tasks, such as weaving and pottery. She was celebrated more than any other God in ancient mythology, was the supposed inventor of countless innovations, and her figure gave reason for Greek woman to gain rights long before others of their time. The goddess of war, the guardian of Athens, and the defender of Heroes; Athena’s impactRead MoreAthen An Ancient Goddess And A Modern World Essay1294 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesAthena: an Ancient Goddess and a Modern World The tales of the Gods and heroic mortals originated two millennia ago in the ancient world of Greece and Roman. Back then, the stories were shared verbally, long before they were ever put to print by poets such as Hesiod, Homer and Ovid; however the influence of the ancient Greeks upon modern society can be seen in many aspects of our daily life. The stories found in the ancient myths we believe somewhat mimic the society from which they are born, andRead MoreAthena Essay examples1104 Words   |  5 PagesAthena With a battle cry that resounded through the kingdom of heaven and earth she sprang from the head of Zeus. She is one of the most powerful forces on Mount Olympus, representing war and the immortal spirit of wisdom. Athena embodies the matriarchal goddess, a complex figure of internal strength and reflection. She is a powerful source of interpretation for the idea of the goddess as a balance between nature and humanity. In one aspect she embodies the civic patron of Athens, with herRead MoreAthena In The Odyssey1592 Words   |  7 Pagestakes place ten years after the Trojan War is over. There are many heroes of the war that come home to their families, however there are even more that are lost through the long struggling years of the war. Of the few who stayed behind, Odysseus goes through battle after battle, problem after problem, and has had the most trouble coming home. The story opens in the tenth year since the war has ended, almost 20 years since our mighty hero Odysseus we nt to war and left his palace, his wife PenelopeRead MoreAthen The Warrior Goddess Of Wisdom And Purity1227 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong and handsome war god called Ares who have never surrendered to anyone, except for Athena. Athena was the warrior goddess of wisdom and purity, the small princess and favorite child of Zeus, which gave reason as to why Ares would just fall to his knees before her. Even though most Olympians God and Goddess do not like Ares, Athena always admired Ares because of his battle skills. She, who was at that time still figuring out the ways to help the Achaeans fight the Trojan War, enjoyed sparringRead MoreZeus, The Lyre And Silver Bow And Arrows914 Words   |  4 Pagesor cruel at times (i.e. in Zeus and Prometheus myths). Zeus supposedly holds up virtues and morality for humanity and divinity, however, if this was true why in the Iliad does it allude to there being an uprising against him by Poseidon, Hera and Athena? 2. The two instruments associated with Apollo are the lyre and silver bow and arrows. Through the lyre he is shown to be passionate and compassionate to others. This signifies his role as a musical god, one that is enthralled with competitionRead MoreAncient Greek Rituals And War1254 Words   |  6 Pagesand War Rough Draft Ares and Athena, the god and goddess of war, were influential religious figures for the Ancient Greek military. They were especially important during rituals and ceremonies prior to soldiers going to war. They are important in the warriors or soldiers lives’ because of what role they play in battle and in rituals. Athena and Ares weren’t as important to the soldiers as you would think, but in some places of battle they were very significant. Ancient Greek Military War andRead MoreAthena Is The Goddess Of Wisdom, War, And Handicrafts1395 Words   |  6 PagesAthena The Superior I was ordered by the gods to choose a supreme deity. After careful consideration I chose Athena. Athena is the goddess of wisdom, war, and handicrafts. She possesses traits of leadership, courage, strategy, and justice and she is perfectly fit to be a ruler. It is interesting to note that she is a woman and by Ancient Greek standards, she possesses masculine traits. With Athena at the top, she has two subordinates that rank the second highest in the new kingdom. These two subordinatesRead MoreAncient Greek War And Rituals1601 Words   |  7 Pages Ancient Greek War and Rituals Mya Hager East Mooresville Intermediate School 4th Quarter 2015 May 7, 2015 Ares and Athena, the god and goddess of war, were influential religious figures for the Ancient Greek military. They were especially important during rituals and ceremonies prior to soldiers going to war. Ares and Athena are important in the warriors or soldiers lives’ because of what role they play in battle and in rituals. Athena and Ares weren’t as important to theRead MoreRoman And Greek War Gods1292 Words   |  6 PagesRoman and Greek War Gods It is a common misconception that Roman and Greek mythology is the same thing, but with different names. This starts in the origin of Roman mythology. When the Romans took over the Greeks they allowed them to keep their beliefs and customs. These beliefs spread to the Romans that lived nearby. When the Romans learned about these gods, they became the main gods of Rome with different names and personalities. (Ancient Civilizations through the Renaissance, p.332) However,

Notre Dame de Paris Free Essays

Notre Dame De Paris, Ill De la Cite (1163-1345) The building that has taken my interest is Notre Dame De Paris, which literally meaner â€Å"Our Lady of Paris† in French. When one thinks of Gothic architecture, majority will think of Notre Dame as it is one the most significant French catholic cathedral that is distinctively Gothic. Because Notre Dame has seen many reconstruction in its days, its early construction in the period sass is characterized as Early Gothic and adopt similar pointed arch that transcends from late Romanesque. We will write a custom essay sample on Notre Dame de Paris or any similar topic only for you Order Now Notre Dame’s early ethic style then slowly evolved in 13th century when High Gothic began to achieve further light, tall and yet majestic. Clerestory windows had changed from one window holed in a wall, into two windows united by elaborate window tracery and colorful rose window. 1 The architect Bishop Maurice De Sully sees to the construction in 1163 until his passing in 1196. It took 5 other successors, Bishop Dudes-De-Sully and others to complete Notre Dame in its glorious state. Because of this, it has slight stylistic variations and it is not perfectly symmetrical. Between 1210 and 1220, four architects oversaw the construction level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers. The towers were completed in 1245 but overall construction only finished around 1345. 2 Notre Dame was under many alterations at the end of 17th century as many tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. By the end of 18th century, many of cathedral’s treasure were either stolen or destroyed from the war. However, the cathedral’s great bells were still preserved and was used as a warehouse to store food. Victor’s Hugo novel, â€Å"The Hunchback of Notre Dame† in 1831 has drawn a huge attention to the dilapidated state of the cathedral and probably has instigated the restoration project in 1845. Notre Dame too was first of its kind to utilize the flying buttress in which to support the thin exterior walls. It is built around the choir and nave to withstand the stress fracture that begins to happen as the thin wall pushes outward. Other architectural advancement that precedes here is the ribbed vaults that can be found above the double aisle surrounding the choir. Other features that embody the Gothic style are the rose windows that brings in magnificent natural lighting to the interior. South rose window of Notre Dame De Paris Gargoyle statue on top of Notre Dame Not to forget, the guardians of grand cathedrals, the gargoyles; considered a statue that is ingeniously crafted to serve as column support or water spouts. More over there are many diverse characteristics that can help us to identify a Gothic structure such as gee archways, ornately crafted spires and lace like tracery, serve to hide the bulk of the load bearing 3. Since all works of religious art goes beyond the artistic expression, these Gothic features accentuates the lightness and grandeur of spiritual space. Most are focused ‘upwards’, perhaps in reference of Heaven or presence of higher heavenly being. One can conclude these achievements have been a turning point for culture achievements in the Middle Ages. â€Å"Gothic architecture had a magnificent opportunity of development in the construction of the great cathedrals, which, in France, were all built at the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries†¦ How to cite Notre Dame de Paris, Papers

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Essays - Homiletics, Hell

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is a very strong sermon given by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. Edwards was a very well known and well spoken theologian of the early 1700s. His mother had little doubt at the beginning of his career that Edwards would become a great theologian because his father and grandfather were both great preachers. His grandfather was one the most influential people in New England religious life. The sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, describes how God can strike you down at anytime and from anywhere. He is repetitive in saying that it is all up to God instead of you if you die now or later and that you have no say in it. It also discusses how everyone is on a slippery surface and it is Gods? choice, and His choice alone, to keep you from falling into the pits of hell. He tells his congregation that the devil is waiting for them to mess up and fall but it is God that keeps you from falling into the arms of the devil. He also states that God is holding all the unsaved people or ?natural man? in his hand over the fiery pits of hell to which they are already sentenced. He says that God is angry at them and that he is not held to any promises to hold them up for one moment from their eternal devastation. In this sermon Edwards is trying to scare his congregation from going to hell. Most of what Edwards speaks about is how big, powerful, strong, and all around hateful that God is. He also describes how weak and useless we are compared to Him. He says that if God was to let go of the floodgates which are protecting us, that even if we were ten thousand times stronger than the strongest devil in hell, we could not withstand it. He also states that while God is holding the natural man in his hand over the fiery pit, the devil is waiting on them. Man is only holding on by thread and the flames of hell are all around that thread ready to burn it and drop man into the pits of hell. When he is finished saying that hell?s flames are licking at the thread holding man out of hell, Edwards also states that no one should think they have been passed up by the devil , because you could already be in hell and not know it. He says that you are alive now but your damnation will come swiftly and suddenly upon you. Near the end of his sermon he tells his congregation that there is still a chance to come to God and be saved. He tells them that God has thrown the door of mercy open and he is there waiting for them to come to him to be saved. Edwards says that it is not only for the adults to be saved, it is for everyone from the elderly, the teenagers and even young children. There are some preachers today that still preach this way. The way this sermon is written is what I have grown accustomed to hearing. It is not all about trying to scare people in to being saved but it is about how Jesus came and died for us so that we could be saved. There are still some preachers that do preach what I have heard it called ?Fire and Brimstone? sermons. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is what I would call a ?Fire and Brimstone? sermon because Edwards is saying that it could happen at anytime just like the end of the world could occur. I think that if there were more preachers like Edwards in modern society who preached this way that we would see a lot more people saved. The way he preaches shows that having a good education and a good knowledge of the Bible helps. He uses many verses from the Bible to support what he says. He wanted to help those who heard his sermons to not just understand the Christian doctrine but to be moved by it and saved also.

The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Essay Example

The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Essay Example The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Paper The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Paper The Crucible contains many events that which precede the madness that ensues by the end of the play. Tension builds into Hysteria in several ways in Act III. The stage directions at the beginning of act III bring the audience straight into a heavy tense atmosphere. Adjectives like solemn and forbidding make the room seem oppressive; Miller uses a sense of realism to invoke the unforgiving atmosphere of the general court. Much of the Hysteria is built up in the crowd of towns people due to their extreme fear of witchcraft. This Hysteria off stage is often upheaval from the residents of Salem this also contributes to the chaos seen at the end of the play. Voices of towns people rise in excitement There is a great imbalance of power even corruption in the courthouse with most of the power with Judge Hawthorne, dep. Governor Danforth and Rev. Parris . They can always avoid questioning due to their position and if ever questioned they call contempt of court. Also there are many judges and people associated with the court but few complaints. Desperate pleas come from Giles and Francis to save their respected wives from prosecution are systematically crushed and indicate the lack of reason from the judges eager to annihilate all possible signs of witchcraft Martha Corey: I know not what a witch is. Hathorne: How do you know, then, you are not a witch, into this comes Proctor challenging the court leaving him with a low prospect of success. Events that reduce John Proctors credibility increase tension from the start of the court house scene the audience is on Proctors side and emotionally want him to succeed as he is trying to do the right thing and put a stop to the injustice. Revelations soon arise about his character Parris: Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month! Cheever: He plough on Sunday, lower Proctors credibility and raise tension. If he is shown not to be a good Gospel Christian, in the strong Puritan town of Salem, he will also be seen as a dishonest, unlawful person giving him no chance of the court believing him. Giles Corey lowers the tension briefly bringing evidence to the court in the form of a disposition proving that his accusation against Mr. Thomas Putnam is true, that he accuses people of witchery in order to buy up their land once they are jailed or put to hang. A more modern version of this being the McCarthy trials of the 1950s. McCarthy used the fear of an attack by the Communist Soviet Union to build up hype in order to develop his career people were tried for treason if accused of having connections with the party this lead to people beginning to scapegoat each other. Tension rises again after Mary warrens confession. It was proved that she has lied at some stage and committed perjury a jail able offense. The entrance of Abigail increases the tension once again as Abigail says that Elizabeth Proctor keeps poppets meaning Johns wife may have used some sort of voodoo against Abigail because Abigail was found stabbed with a dagger along with a poppet with a needle in it seemingly making her appear evil lowering Johns credibility yet again. What Abigail does is could quite easily seen as mob psychology, she manipulates the hysteria of the crowd to for fill her own desires she always manages to avoid questioning by saying nothing or not answering If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again but in this case by turning the question around and warning even threatening Danforth when asked are the spirits she had been claiming to see were illusion only before claiming to see spirits in the room Let you beware Mr. Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of hell may not turn your wits? When Proctor first enters the court he speaks reasonably, restrained of all his fears, his anger his anxiety I would ask you to remember, sir, while you read it, that until two weeks ago she were no different than the other children are today. however by this stage he has lost all of his composure he goes from making rational points to hysterical outbursts (breathless and in agony! ) It is a whore! this is probably due to the fact he is putting his own neck on the line. At this stage the tension for the audience goes down as there is a chance that Abigail might get found out although John is near hysterical. John is questioned one final time about everything that has already been said before Elizabeth enters to answer whether or not Abigail had an affair with John not knowing John has already confessed to the General court to expose the truth this rises tension bringing it to a pinnacle either John or Abigail will be ruined at this point. Elizabeth lies though, to save Johns reputation so he is not found to be an adulterer. Elizabeth is removed and for the second time Abigail claims to see spirits and from this point onwards there is sheer hysteria. At the very end Hale decides to quit the court after loosing his importance from when he arrived in Salem believing that there may be evil at work there to at the end of the scene where he believes Proctor and that the truth has become hazy at this point all John had fort for was lost.

Top 10 Student Films Sitcoms For Your Perfect Campus Movie Night Party

Top 10 Student Films Sitcoms For Your Perfect Campus Movie Night Party One of the easiest and cheapest ways to enjoy a fantastic social life, making new friends, and enjoying your time together is simply to have a night in, and be creative with it as you can. College life is renowned for being a blast, and that isn’t just about heading to the nearest bar, it’s about enjoying every single day of your time there, from nights in, nights out, and everything in-between. Imagine the scene – snacks, comfortable clothes, a few drinks, throw some cushions on the floor, make yourself truly comfortable, and kick back and relax with a few film favourites. If you’re struggling for inspiration on what to watch however, check out these ideas. Good Will Hunting You don’t have to be a slightly rebellious math genius to enjoy this film, and it’s the ideal choice for those who may be feeling a little homesick, or want to enjoy a rather tear-jerker film with friends. We know that Matt Damon is the janitor from the wrong side of the tracks, and he forms an unlikely friendship with crazy lecturer, Robin Williams. This film is epic. The Roommate Hopefully you won’t be watching this film with any new roommates, because you might start looking at them in a different light, but the film itself is ideal for a movie night. Basically, the plot is about a girl who is assigned a new roommate, and at first they get on like a house on fire, but then said roommate turns out to be a little, well, psychotic. The Big Bang Theory You might wish you were living in California and studying, just like these lot, but this sitcom is one to make you laugh. You have nine series to work your way through, so you have enough for a few movie nights in to keep you going, and whether you’re the beauty, or the geek, you can’t help but laugh. Laughs are what hold people together, and forming new friendships is best done through laughter! Eat, Pray, Love At first you might think this is a film which is a tad too deep and meaningful for a night in, however after the first half an hour, I dare you not to be inspired. Julia Roberts explores her wants and needs, across various locations in the world, before falling well and truly in love, not only with the man in her life, but with herself too. The Scream series Who doesn’t love a rather ridiculous movie that is supposed to be scary? Of course, this movie is scary in parts, but you simply have to laugh in equal parts. Turn down the lights, open a bottle of wine or two, laugh and hide under the duvet. Legally Blonde When you’re studying something new, you have to believe in yourself, and this film has that message in abundance. Reese Witherspoon proves you can be blonde, into fashion, not really that knowledgeable about a subject, but still win through with hard work, perseverance, and a good heart. The ideal girly film for a night in. The Graduate Male or female, you will love this film, ideal for that movie night with your new student buddies. This is a classic, with Dustin Hoffman taking centre stage as Benjamin, the new graduate who despite his parents’ hopes for his future, ends up forming a rather complicated attachment to his father’s business partner. Essay Writing Place can take care about your essay writing while you watch great movies. Mona Lisa Smile Julia Roberts is at it again in this girl power period drama. We head back to the 1950s, where the lady herself is an art history teacher, however she soon realises that her students are more interested in bagging themselves a man, rather than learning about their studies. This is another about female empowerment, but one which is perfect for a night in with a few snacks. If you’re new to university, this is a great way to bond with your new friends too. Dirty Dancing Are you having the time of your life? Bonding with friends is fantastic over this classic, feel-good film, and ideal for those hoping to meet their own Jonny Castle at university. You could of course try and recreate that iconic final dance, and the winner gets a prize! The Inbetweeners We’re not all lucky enough to be the popular ones at school or college, and if you’re in the opposite category, as many of us are, you can certainly empathise, and probably laugh at, the antics of Will, Simon, Neil, and Jay. If you run out of series, start on the two films. So, a night in will save you cash, and also has the added perk of offering a range of activities to enjoy as part of your movie night, such as food, drink, competitions, laugher, photographs, and recreations. Happy watching!

BUSINESS TAXATION ( Uinted KingdomTAX System ) Essay

BUSINESS TAXATION ( Uinted KingdomTAX System ) - Essay Example This often inclusive of the value, which the item was sold at. According a journal therefore understanding the different forms of taxation and meeting their obligations is of great importance to any business. One can save money by understanding what taxation involves in a given type of business whether a sole trader or partnership. As stated in the Tax Advisor (2012), a businessperson would also take advantage of any exemptions that they might be entitled to which would at the end boost the business. This paper will explain the terms and concepts in business taxation that will aid a clear understanding; it will assess the consequences that come as a result of incorporating a sole trader business, recommendations to the trader and finally whether the business qualifies for capital gains tax incorporation relief. A sole trader is a person who runs and operates a business on their own. The sole proprietor is liable for all the assets and liabilities of the business. Moreover, sole traders have full control of their business with all the profit. In 2012, The Tax Chartered Advisor stated that the taxation system for a sole trader in the UK allows one to complete a self assessment of their business. In this form, the sole trader is allowed to show total expenses, the total income and then subtracts to get the losses or profit for the business. Should the company show a loss then it does not owe the government otherwise, the business is taxed depending on the profits earned. An incorporated company is a form of business that is owned by one person who is the director with employees working for the company. This type of business is not solely owned by one person and decisions regarding the company are made as a group. With the new tax rates that were released in the UK, it has been realized that the best way to save money by avoiding paying a lot of taxes is through the start of companies. According to Payroll Practitioner (2009), the tax

The Views of the Managers in the International Organisations Regarding Research Paper

The Views of the Managers in the International Organisations Regarding Global Convergence - Research Paper Example According to some academics, globalization can lead to a single model, which closely resembles with that of American Corporate Governance Model as they believe that it is the most successful model. Some of the people in spite of supporting convergence thesis do not agree that it has to be a copy of Anglo-American convergence model. According to them, a hybrid system can emerge on the basis of the best features of the prime governance models and also supports the hybrid stream of thinking of the Standard School. But, according to the Diversity School academics, global convergence will not happen. According to them, cultural diversity and the difference in legal as well as economic systems along with the variant aspirations and goals prevalent in the society will not lead to global convergence. Mainstream governance thinking is highly influenced by geographical boundaries. It is practically impossible to find two countries with identical characteristics of corporate governance; actuall y, each country is characterised by its unique governance model. The corporate Governance model is referred to as the specific structures and processes, which are embodied in a country’s institutional, legal and cultural context. Attention towards corporate governance has mainly grown out of shareholder activism of the institutional shareholders in the Anglo-American context. Under the pressure of shareholder activism, the listed firms along with the stock exchange authorities realised the need for good corporate governance.

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ON RADIO BROADCASTING :: essays research papers

In 1978 a radio station owned by Pacifica Foundation Broadcasting out of New York City was doing a program on contemporary attitudes toward the use of language. This broadcast occurred on a mid-afternoon weekday. Immediately before the broadcast the station announced a disclaimer telling listeners that the program would include "sensitive language which might be regarded as offensive to some."(Gunther, 1991) As a part of the program the station decided to air a 12 minute monologue called "Filthy Words" by comedian George Carlin. The introduction of Carlin's "routine" consisted of, according to Carlin, "words you couldn't say on the public air waves."(Carlin, 1977) The introduction to Carlin's monologue listed those words and repeated them in a variety of colloquialisms: I was thinking about the curse words and the swear words, the cuss words and the words that you can't say, that you're not supposed to say all the time. I was thinking one night about the words you couldn't say on the public, ah, airwaves, um, the ones you definitely wouldn't say, ever. Bastard you can say, and hell and damn so I have to figure out which ones you couldn't and ever and it came down to seven but the list is open to amendment, and in fact, has been changed, uh, by now. The original seven words were shit, piss, fuck, cunt, cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. Those are the ones that will curve your spine, grow hair on your hands and maybe, even bring us, God help us, peace without honor, and a bourbon. (Carlin, 1977) A man driving with his young son heard this broadcast and reported it to the Federal Communications Commission [FCC]. This broadcast of Carlin's "Filthy Words" monologue caused one of the greatest and most controversial cases in the history of broadcasting. The case of the FCC v. Pacifica Foundation. The outcome of this case has had a lasting effect on what we hear on the radio. This landmark case gave the FCC the "power to regulate radio broadcasts that are indecent but not obscene." (Gunther, 1991) What does that mean, exactly? According to the government it means that the FCC can only regulate broadcasts. They can not censor broadcasts, that is determine what is offensive in the matters of speech. Before this case occurred there were certain laws already in place that prohibited obscenity over radio. One of these laws was the "law of nuisance". This law "generally speaks to channeling behavior more than actually prohibiting it."(Simones, 1995) The law in essence meant that certain words depicting a sexual nature were limited to certain times of the

Logistics Management

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Chapter-1 Concepts Objectives and Elements of Logistics 1. A. Introduction of Marketing Logistics B. Definition of Marketing Logistics C. Evolution of Marketing Logistics & Intl. Logistics D. Concept of Logistics E. Components of Logistics system F. Article Chapter-2 Logistics Sub-system A. Marketing Logistics B. Essence of logistics in marketing: C. Relevance of Logistics in Export Management D. Importance of Logistics as a strategic resource: E. Trade-Off Analysis F. Forms of logistics management G. Questions for Self-Analyzation Chapter-3 International Logistics A.Introduction B. Definition C. Supply Management D. Incoterms E. International Packaging Issues Chapter-4 Integrated Logistics A. Introduction B. Network Design C. Information Location Redesign D. Transportation E. Inventory Warehousing, Material Handling, and Packaging F. Integrated Logistics Inventory Flow G. Information Flow Hospital's Cure for Inefficiency H. Barriers to Internal Integration CHAPT ER-1 Concepts Objectives and Elements of Logistics 2. Definitions of Logistics Logistics is new unique, it never stops! Logistics is happening around the globe 24 hours days Seven days a week during fifty-two weeks a year.Few areas of business involve the complexity or span the geography typical of logistics. Logistics is concerned with getting products and services where they are needed whenever they are desired. Most consumers take a high level of logistical competency for granted. When they go to store, they expect products to be available and fresh. It is rather difficult to visualize any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support Modern logistics is also a paradox. Logistics has been performed since the beginning of civilization: it’s hardly new.However implementing best practice of logistics has become one of the most exciting and challenging operational areas of business and public sector management According to Council of logistics management: â€Å"Logist ics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming the customer requirement†. Logistical management includes the design and administration of systems to controls the flow of material, work- in – process, and finished inventory to support business unit strategy.Logistics is the designing and managing of a system in order to control the flow of material throughout a corporation. This is a very important part of an international company because of geographical barriers. Logistics of an international company includes movement of raw materials, coordinating flows into and out of different countries, choices of transportation, and cost of the transportation, packaging the product for shipment, storing the product, and managing the entire process. Analysis of the figure of evolution of logistics [pic] Fragment ation 1960This era was known as fragmentation because every thing that done was disintegrated Evolving Integration At this stage of time new concepts of Logistical management were evolving Total integration In the present scenario because of technological advances logistics has evolved as part of management Concept of Logistics The concept of logistics is fairly new in the business world. The theoretical development was not used until 1966. Since then, many business practices have evolved and logistics currently costs between 10 and 25 percent of the total cost of an international purchase.There are two main phases that are important in the movement of materials: material management and physical distribution; Materials management is the timely movement of raw materials, parts, and supplies. The physical distribution is the movement of the firm's finished products to the customers. Both phases involve every stage of the process including storage. The ultimate goal of logistics is: â €Å"To coordinate all efforts of the company to maintain a cost effective flow of goods. † Word, ’Logistics’ is derived from French word ‘loger’, which means art of war pertaining to movement and supply of armies.A military concept, fighting a war requires: i. Setting of an objective ii. Meticulous planning to achieve the objective iii. Troops properly deployed iv. Supply line consisting weaponry, food, medical assistance, etc. maintained v. Plan should be such that there is minimum loss to men & material Like fighting a war in the battlefield, the marketing managers also need a suitable logistics plan that is capable of satisfying the company objective of meeting profitably the demand of targeted customers. Inbound logistics + Material Management + Physical Distribution =LogisticsDiscussion of each and every term in this above summation i. Inbound logistics covers the movement of materials received from suppliers ii. Material management describes t he movements of material & components within a firm iii. Physical distribution refers to movement of goods outward from the end of the assembly line to the costumer. iv. Supply- chain management is somewhat larger than logistics and it links logistics more directly within the user’s total communication network & with the firm engineering staff. It includes manufacturer and suppliers but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves.Importance of logistics i. Transportation cost rose rapidly due to the rise in fuel prices ii. Production efficiency was reaching a peak iii. Fundamental change in inventory philosophy iv. Product line proliferated v. Computer technology vi. Increased use or computers vii. Increased public concern of products Growth of several new, large retail chains or mass merchandise with large demands & very sophisticated logistics services, by pass traditional channel & distribution viii. Reduction in economic regulation ix. Growing power of retailers x. GlobalizationThe interrelation of different logistics element and their costs should be based on total cost rather than individual costs. The objectives of Logistics Operating Objectives In terms of logistical system design and administration, each firm must simultaneously achieve at least six different operational objectives. These operational objectives, which are the primary determinants of logistical performance, include rapid response, minimum variance, minimum inventory, movement consolidation, quality, and life-cycle support. Each objective is briefly discussed. Rapid ResponseRapid response is concerned with a firm's ability to satisfy customer service requirements in a timely manner. Information technology has increased the capability to postpone logistical operations to the latest possible time and then accomplish rapid delivery of required inventory. The result is elimination of excessive inventories traditionally stocked in anticipation of customer require ments. Rapid response capability shifts operational emphasis from an anticipatory posture based on forecasting and inventory stocking to responding to customer requirements on a shipment-to-shipment basis.Because inventory is typically not moved in a time-based system until customer requirements are known and performance is committed, little tolerance exists for operational deficiencies Minimum Variance Variance is any unexpected event that disrupts system performance. Variance may result from any aspect of logistical operations. Delays in expected time of customer order receipt, an unexpected disruption in manufacturing, goods arriving damaged at a customer's location, or delivery to an incorrect location-all result in a time disruption in operations that must be resolved.Potential reduction of variance' relates to both internal and external operations. Operating areas of a logistical system are subject to potential variance. The traditional solution to accommodating variance was t o establish safety stock inventory or use high-cost premium transportation. Such practices, given their expense and associated risk, have been replaced by using information technology to achieve positive logistics Control. To the extent that variances are minimized, logistical productivity improves as a result of economical operations.Thus, a basic objective of overall logistical performance is to minimize variance. Minimum Inventory The objective of minimum variance involves asses commitment and relative turn velocity. Total commitment is the financial value of inventory deployed throughout the logistical system. Turn velocity involves the rate of inventory usage over time. High turn rates, coupled with inventory availability, means that assets devoted to inventory are being effectively utilized. The objective is to reduce inventory deployment to the lowest level consistent with customer service goals to achieve the lowest overall total logistics cost.Concepts like zero inventories have become increasingly as managers seek to reduce inventory deployment. The reality of reengineering a system is that operational defects do not become apparent until inventories are reduced to their lowest possible level. While the goal of eliminating all inventories is attractive, it is important to remember that inventory can and does facilitate some important benefits in a logistical system. Inventories can provide improved return on investment when they result in economies of scale in manufacturing or procurement.The objective is to reduce and manage inventory to the lowest possible level while simultaneously achieving desired operating objectives. To achieve the objective of minimum inventory, the logistical system design must control commitment and turn velocity for the entire firm, not merely for each business location. Movement consolidation One of the most significant logistical costs is transportation. Transportation cost is directly related to the type of product, siz e of shipment, and distance. Many Logistical systems that feature premium service depend on high-speed, small-shipment transportation.Premium transportation is typically high-cost. To reduce transportation cost, it is desirable to achieve movement consolidation. As a general rule, the larger the overall shipment and the longer the distance it is transported, the lower the transportation cost per unit. This requires innovative programs to group small shipments for consolidated movement. Such programs must be facilitated by working arrangements that transcend the overall supply chain. Quality improvement A fifth logistical objective is to seek continuous quality improvement.Total quality management (TQM) has become a major commitment throughout all facets of industry. Overall commitment to TQM is one of the major forces contributing to the logistical renaissance. If a product becomes defective or if service promises are not kept, little, if any, value is added by the logistics. Logist ical costs, once expended, cannot be reversed. In fact, when quality fails, the logistical performance typically needs to be reversed and then repeated. Logistics itself must perform to demanding quality standards.The management challenge of achieving zero defect logistical performance is magnified by the fact that logistical operations typically must be performed across a vast geographical area at all times of the day and night. The quality challenge is magnified by the fact that most logistical work is performed out of a supervisor's vision. Reworking a customer's order as a result of incorrect shipment or in-transit damage is far more costly than performing it right the first time. Logistics is a prime part of developing and maintaining continuous TQM improvement. Life-Cycle supportThe final logistical design objective is life-cycle support. Few items are sold without some guarantee that the product will perform as advertised over a specified period. In some situations. The norma l value-added inventory flow toward customers must be reversed. Product recall is a critical competency resulting from increasingly rigid quality standards, product expiration dating and responsibility for hazardous consequences. Return logistics requirements also result from the increasing number of laws prohibiting disposal and encouraging recycling of beverage containers and packaging materials.The most significant aspect of reverse logistical operations is the need for maximum control when a potential health liability exists (i. e.. a contaminated product). In this sense, a recall program is similar to a strategy of maximum customer service that must be executed regardless of cost. Johnson & Johnson's classical response to the Tylenol crisis is an example of turning adversity into advantage. The operational requirements of reverse logistics range from lowest total cost, such as returning bottles for recycling, to maximum performance solutions for critical recalls.The important p oint is that sound logistical strategy cannot be formulated without careful review of reverse logistical requirements. Some products, such as copying equipment, derive their primary profit from selling supplies and providing aftermarket. Service. The importance of service support logistics varies directly with the product and buyer. For firms marketing consumer durables or industrial equipment, the commitment to life-cycle support constitutes a versatile and demanding operational requirement as well as one of the largest costs of logistical operations.The life-cycle support capabilities of a logistical system must be carefully designed. As noted earlier, reverse logistical competency, as a result of worldwide attention to environmental concerns, requires the capacity to recycle ingredients and packaging materials. Life-cycle support, in modern terms, means cradle-to-cradle logistical support. We will now cover the components of Logistics The components mainly comprises of the part m ostly of which we have already covered in our earlier semesters With the help of the figure given below can you tell me with how many terms are you aware with?Yes that very nice of all of you that you are aware of most of the terms But don’t panick!!! I would be covering each term in detail so that you can revise with me For the components see the figure given below Inputs into logistics i. Natural resources ii. Human Resources iii. Financial Resources iv. Information Resources Can anyone tell me what these resources regarding logistics management? Management actions i. Planning ii. Implantation iii. Control We have already discussed these terms in first and second semesters Logistics Management i. Raw Material ii. In-Process Inventory iii. Finished GoodsThese are the systems through which products goes from suppliers to customers. Logistics activities i. Customers Service ii. Demand forecasting iii. Distribution communication iv. Inventory Control v. Material Handling vi. Or der Processing vii. Part & Service Support viii. Plant and Warehouse side selection ix. Procurement x. Packaging xi. Return goods handling xii. Salvage & scrap disposal xiii. Traffic & transportation xiv. Warehousing & Storage Outputs of Logistics i. Marketing Orientation ii. Time & Place Utility iii. Efficient Movement to Customer iv. Proprietary asset Components of logistics management: pic] Questions for self-analysation A. What do you understand by term LOGISTICS? Explain it with the evolution concept. B. With the help of suitable figure discuss the components of logistical systems. C. Define the term LOGISTICS, with suitable example . And the importance of logistics in today’s business life. D. With the help of suitable example clearly explain the objectives of Logistics. Why tylenol remains number one Johnson & Johnson's McNeil Consumer Products Division was hit with a major crisis in September 1982. Their top-seHing product line, Tylenol, was linked to seven deaths in the Chicago area.At the time of the incident, Tyleool enjoyed 35 percent of the $1 billion analgesic market, but by the end of September, this market share had dropped 80 percent. Currently, Tylenol is again the top-selling brand with approximately 30 percent of the now $2,7 billion analgesic market. t How Was Johnson & Johnson (1) able to regain market share and a leading image after such a damaging tragedy? Its recovery was successful because of reverse logistics capability coupled with a marketing strategy that focused on protecting the consumer and going above and beyond what was necessary to instill] trust and an image of security.This recovery plan is a positive prototype for other corporations to follow, which, in effect, may increase the potential for voluntary product recants across a variety of industries. When the List news reports hit about cyanide-tainted Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules, J was unsure whether the tampering occurred in its manufacturing operations or at t he retail level. As such, its first efforts were directed at pinning down the problem. As soon as the lot numbers were identified from the first few deaths, J stopped production in the plant responsible.At the same time, it halted all Tylenol commercials nationwide and began recalls that eventually involved 31 million bottles of product, which had a retail value of $100 million. Another strategy that J took was to work openly and closely with the media. 1 has traditionally maintained a distance from the press, but in this case it felt that openness and honesty would help reduce consumer panic and provide a vehicle for disseminating critical information. A crisis team was put together that included J as well as McNeil executives and top managers.This team was quite sure that the tampering had occurred at the retail level since the incident was isolated to Chicago's West Side and other samples from the same lot were normal. Regardless, they began the recall with the remaining 93,000 b ottles from this lot. The expenses of this first phase of the recall included $1 million just for phone calls and telegrams to doctors, hospitals, and distributors. The sixth poisoning ensured that the tampering was at the retail level since the bottle came from a lot manufactured at its second plant. Since the cause was now isolated, J&1 could concentrate on containment.The first step was to advocate a total recall. While this step was in some ways unnecessary, J&J felt it was a key step to ensure consumer confidence. At first, the FBI and FDA advised against a total recall because of the potential psychological response of the person who tampered with the product and the response of consumers in general. However, after copycat strychnine poisoning in California, all parties agreed that complete removal was the best solution. This total recall entailed the following i. Advertisements stating that NcNeil would exchange tablets for capsules, ii.Thousands of letters to the trade to ex plain the incident and recall procedures, iii. Media statements, iv. A sales force of over 2,000 employees to contact doctors and pharmacists to regain trust and restore their recommendations that had traditionally served as the main promotional avenue for Tylenol products, v. An extensive reverse logistics system that included buying products back from retailers and consumers and shipping returns to disposal centers, and vi. Creating a tamperproof package. It is estimated that recall costs were at least $100 million, most of which involved the reverse logistics operations.By January 1983, the new tamperproof bottles of Tylenol were on the retail shelf. Consumer confidence was obviously regained as a result of the extensive voluntary recall] program, effective public relations, and sales programs and repack operations. This confidence was shown by the fact that at the end of the year, Tylenol had regained almost 30 percent of the market although market share has remained at about 30 percent, sales dollars have more than doubled. Since the total industry sales were about $1 billion in the early 1980s but are now $2. 7 billion CHAPTER-2 Logistics Subsystem Marketing LogisticsIn 1991 the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) a prestigious, professional organization, defined logistics as â€Å"the process of planning, implementing & controlling the efficient, effective flow the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements†. â€Å"Logistics means the art of managing the flow of raw materials and finished goods from the source to the user† To get goods from where they arise to the right place in the right form, at the right time, at the right cost, â€Å"Logistics or physical distribution or distribution logistics is an integral part of Marketing Process†.Essence of logistics in marketing i. Marketing Process is successfully completed when ii. Products are produced and priced to satisfy the i dentified needs of the segment of buyers Arrangements are made to supply these goods through selected distribution channels iii. An awareness is created among the buyers about the availability of the goods through information facilitation & iv. Goods are physically supplied to the buyers at the place & time selected by them. v. Besides satisfying the customers need, the marketing process must be profitable to the seller.So in the Marketing sense, utility is not merely the usefulness of a product to satisfy the customer needs but also moving the product from a manufacturing facility to the user. â€Å"Thus, Logistics is a link between the manufacturing & selling process that leads to the creation of place and time utility† While the production element in the marketing – mix (product, price, place & promotion) leads to creation of ‘form’ utility by taking decisions as product line variety, design, color brand, service, etc. he distribution element comprising distribution channel fixation & physical movement, creates ‘time’ & ‘place’ utility by ensuring that the produced goods reach the place & time chosen by the buyer. Logistics is the designing and managing of a system in order to control the flow of material throughout a corporation. This is a very important part of an international company because of geographical barriers. Relevance of Logistics in Export Management International trade is becoming a more important part of the GNP in the industrially advanced countries.Many firms in these countries have production centers world wide for markets all over the world. Lack of local resources, small size of home market and many other reasons has resulted in functional centers being maintained in various countries. Issues associated with international transportation of finished goods are essentially the same as those that apply to transportation in domestic trade. But, under international operations, goods can be out of exporter's control for longer period of time, more documentation is required, packaging may be more costly and shipping insurance is more costly.The transportation alternatives include ocean shipping and containerization as well as airfreight. The basic activities involved in the flow of goods, like transportation, warehousing and holding of inventories, should be integrated in a systems approach. The systems approach would recognize the trade-offs, such that sometimes more expensive airfreight may be opted for, instead of less expensive ocean shipping, because of savings in warehouse and inventory costs. In the field of exports, it should be noted that transport systems in developing countries are generally not as efficient as in the industrially advanced countries.Transportation is often considered to be the most important single determinant of plant location. Firms in international trade also try to reduce amount of unnecessary product packaging, since packing material can account for almost 40 per cent of the weight of the products shipped. A company can reduce inland transportation charges by locating its distribution facilities adjacent to container ports or airports. The burden of documentation can be eased through computerization. Export management involves marketing in overseas market.Hence the discussions on the interface of logistics with marketing holds good for the relevance of logistics in export management. Yet, in addition, export management has certain unique features, as discussed above, to be understood in the context of relevance of logistics to export management. Importance of Logistics as a strategic resource Logistical Management includes the design and administration of systems to control the flow of material, work-in-progress and finished inventory to support business unit strategy.Discussion of the concept of logistics, its place in the value-chain process leading to profitability, its contribution as one of the primary functio ns and its interface with other functions of the firm bring outs its importance as a strategic resource. However, to be of a real strategic influence, a good amount of competency has to be achieved and a well-defined logistical mission and objectives has to be committed to, by every one in the firm, especially the top management. Logistical competency Logistics involves detailed and complex work.Logistical management starts with how logistical competency fits into a firm's overall strategic. Positioning. It is fundamentally important to view logistics as to how it can be exploited as a core competency. For logistical competency to develop, it is important to develop an integrated framework that defines and relates key concepts. This integration should be in such a way that competitively superior logistical performance contributes to overall enterprise strategy. Logistical competency is a relative assessment of a firm's capability to provide competitively superior customer service at the lowest possible total cost.This typically means that logistical performance is dedicated to supporting any or all marketing and manufacturing requirements in a manner that exploits delivery capability. In short, the strategy is to provide superior service at a total cost below industry average. Alternative logistical capabilities, emphasizing flexibility, time-based performance, operational control, postponement capabilities, and most of all a commitment to perfect service performance typically characterize the service platform of superior logistic achievers.So we can say that all enterprises must perform logistics to achieve their basic business goals. One of several competencies required to create customer value is logistics. When logistics becomes a cornerstone of basic business strategy, it must be managed as a core competency. The Logistical Mission Logistics exists to satisfy customer requirements by facilitating relevant manufacturing and marketing operations. The challe nge is to balance service expectations and cost expenditures in a manner that achieves business objectives.Basic logistical service is measured in terms of Availability Availability means having inventory to consistently meet customer material or product requirements. Operational performance Operational performance deals with the elapsed time from order receipt to delivery. Operational performance involves delivery speed and consistency. A firm's operational performance can be viewed in terms of how flexible it is in accommodating unusual and unexpected customer requests. Service reliability Service reliability involves the quality attributes of logistics.For logistics performance to continuously meet customer expectations, it is essential that management be committed to continuous improvement. Do you know in 1956, in an effort to explain conditions under which high-cost air transport could be justified, Lewis, Colleton and Steele conceptualized the total cost of logistics. Total co st was positioned to include all expenditures necessary to perform logistical requirements. The authors illustrated an electronic parts distribution strategy Wherein the high variable cost of direct factory to customer air transport was more than offset by reductions in inventory and field warehouse costs.They concluded that the least total cost logistical way to provide desired customer service was to centralize inventory in one warehouse and make deliveries using air transportation. The concept of total cost, although basic, had not previously been applied to logistical analysis. Managers typically focused on minimizing functional cost, such as transportation, with the expectation that such effort would achieve the lowest combined cost. The total-cost concept opened the door to examining how functional costs interrelate. The appropriate level of logistics cost expenditure must be related to desired service performance.The simultaneous attainment of high availability, operational p erformance, and reliability is expensive. A significant managerial challenge stems from the fact that logistical cost and increased performance have a no proportional relationship. The typical logistical system in an enterprise seeks to develop and implement an overall logistical competency that satisfies key customer expectations at a realistic total-cost expenditure. Overall, logistical management is concerned with operations and coordination. Operations deal with strategic movement and storage. To complete the total operations mission.Attention must be directed to integrating physical distribution, manufacturing support, and procurement into a single logistical process. These three areas, functioning as an integrated and coordinated process, can best provide operational management of materials; semi finished components, and finished products moving between locations, supply sources, and customers of an enterprise. The mission of the logistical system is measured in terms of total cost and performance. Performance measurement is concerned with the availability of inventory, operational capability, and quality of effort.Logistical costs are directly related to desired level of performance. As a general rule, the greater the desired performance, the higher the total logistics cost. The key to effective logistical performance is to develop a balanced effort of service performance and total-cost expenditure. The strategic integration of logistics is fundamental to an enterprise's success. While a firm may not select to differentiate competitively on the basis of logistical competency, it must perform logistical responsibilities as part of the fundamental process of creating customer value.The relative importance that a firm places on logistical competency will determine the degree of emphasis on achieving internal and external integration. Flexibility is key to logistical competency. Logistical flexibility results from integration and from implementing time-base d control techniques. There are four logistics concepts: i. The systems concept ii. The total cost concept iii. The after-tax concept iv. The trade-off concept The systems concept is based on all functions of a organization working together in order to maximize benefits.This concept sometimes requires certain components of the organization to operate sub optimally in order to achieve maximum goals of the system. The total cost concept is based on the systems concept; however goal achievement is measured in terms of cost. A variation of the total cost concept is the after-tax concept. This goal of this concept is after-tax profit. This concept is becoming very popular because of the many different national tax policies. The trade-off concept links the system together in a way that is very efficient, but can have trade-offs that might be inefficient.The advantages of such high efficiency must be weighed against the risk involved. Logistics is a system having number of components, whic h can be combined in different proportions to achieve a set objective. Long-term objective is profitability; short-term objective is to survive competition by recovering marginal costs. Logistics sub-systems i. Physical Supply or Management of flow of raw materials, spare parts, consumable stores and machinery & tools from suppliers ii. Physical distribution or management of finished goods from the factory to the buyers & iii.Logistical Controls for managing the logistics system, it helps an efficient co-ordination of physical supply & distribution sub-systems. Objective of an ideal logistic system is to ensure flow of supply to the buyer i. In Correct Quantity ii. At Desired location iii. At Required time iv. At useable condition v. At the lowest total cost Thus the objectives encompass efforts to coordinate physical distribution and material management in order to save money or improve service. Elements of logistics system i. Transportation ii. Warehousing iii. Inventory Managemen t iv.Packing & Utilization & v. Information & Communication When economists originally discussed supply-and-demand relationships, facility location and transportation cost differentials were assumed either nonexistent or equal among competitors. Given a facility network and information capability, transportation is the operational area of logistics that geographically positions inventory. Because of its fundamental importance and visible cost, transportation has received considerable managerial attention over the years. Almost all enterprises, big and small, have managers responsible for transportation.Finding and managing the desired transportation mix is a primary responsibility of logistics. Network of three of the functional areas of logistics – information, transportation, and inventory can be engineered into a variety of different operational arrangements. Each arrangement will have the potential to achieve a level of customer service at an associated total cost; In ess ence, these three functions combine to create a system solution for integrated logistics. The final functions of logistics – warehousing, material handling, and packaging – also represent an integral part of an operating solution.However, these functions do not have the independent status of the three previously discussed. Warehousing, material handling and packaging are an integral part of other logistics areas. For example, merchandise typically needs to be warehoused at selected times during the logistics process. Transportation vehicles require material handling for efficient loading and unloading. Finally, the individual products are most efficiently handled when packaged together into shipping cartons or other types of containers. Logistics is viewed as the competency that links an enterprise with its customers and suppliers.Information from and about customer’s flows through the enterprise in the form of sales activity, forecasts, and orders. The whole pr ocess is viewed in terms of two interrelated efforts, inventory flow and information flow. Information flow is a key element of logistics operations. Paper-based information flow increases both operating cost and decreases customer satisfaction. Electronic information movement and management provide the opportunity to reduce logistics expense through increased coordination and to enhance service by offering better information to customers.Information flow was often overlooked because it was not viewed as being important to customers. The Council of Logistics Management recognized this change in 1988 when it incorporated â€Å"material, in-process, finished goods and information† into its definition of logistics Transportation is a key activity in the logistics value chain as it moves product through the various stages of production and ultimately to the consumer. The primary functions include product movement, product storage and integration of international production and di stribution operations.The major transportation principles involve economies of scale and economies of distance. While effective distribution systems should not be designed to hold inventory for an excessive length of time, there are occasions when inventory storage is justified. While the traditional warehousing role has been to maintain a supply of goods to protect against uncertainty, contemporary warehousing offers many other value-added services. These services can be described in terms of economic and service benefits. Economic benefits include consolidation, break bulk and cross-dock, processing/postponement, and stockpiling.Service benefits include spot stocking, assortment, mixing, product support, and market presence The handling of products is a key to warehouse productivity. Handling activities include receiving, in storage handling, and shipping. Packaging has a significant impact on the cost and productivity of the logistical system. An integrated logistics approach to packaging operations can yield dramatic savings. A marketing mix is a compilation of activities designed to attract customers while simultaneously achieving business objectives.The so-called four P's -products/service, promotion, price, and place – constitute a generic marketing mix. The key to formulating an effective mix strategy is to integrate resources committed to these activities into an effort that maximizes customer impact. Logistics ensures that customer requirements involved in timing and location of inventory and other related services are satisfactorily performed. Thus, the output of logistical performance is customer service. Logistical competence is a tangible way to attract customers who place a premium on time and place-related performance.Thus the discussion on the objectives, logistics interface with marketing and the system elements brings out the depth of the scope of logistics in the efficient functioning of any business entity. The key to excellent logi stics is to achieve integration of both internal and external operations. Such integration requires clear identification concerning the role that logistical competency is expected to play in overall enterprise strategy. Key Factors Involved in efficient and effective and effective logistics system are i. Shippers (users of logistics) i. Suppliers (of logistics services) iii. Carrier (rail, road, sea, water, pipeline) iv. Warehouse Providers v. Freight forwarders vi. Terminal operators (port, stevedores, etc vii. Government (regulator of logistics) Trade-Off Analysis Trade-off analysis is a family of methods by which respondents' utilities for various product features (usually including price) are measured. In some cases, the utilities are measured indirectly. In this case, respondents are asked to consider alternatives and state a likelihood of purchase or preference for each alternative.As the respondent continues to make choices, a pattern begins to emerge which, through complex m ultiple regression (and other) techniques, can be broken down and analyzed as to the individual features that contribute most to the purchase likelihood or preference. The importance or influence contributed by the component parts. i. e. , product features, are measured in relative units called â€Å"utils† or â€Å"utility weights. † In other cases, respondents are asked to tell the interviewer directly how important various product features are to them. For example, they might be asked to rate on a cale of 1 to 100 various product features, where 1 means not at all important to their purchase decision and 100 means extremely important to their purchase decision. Trade-off analyses produce several types of information. First, they tell us what features (and levels of features) are most valued by customers. Second, they allow us to model how likely people will be to purchase various configurations of products, the share of revenue these products will most likely receiv e and what role price plays in the assessment of acceptability. There are four main types of trade-off i.Conjoint ii. Discrete Choice iii. Self-explicated iv. Hybrid One additional model, the MACROModel ©2, will be discussed which does not fall into any of the above four categories. We will discuss each of these trade-off types after reviewing a few basic concepts. Experimental Design, A critical issue in most trade-off methods is the selection of product attributes to be combined together to create each product configuration to be tested. If every possible combination of attributes were included in the study, the study would be said to be using a complete or full factorial design.This is desirable but very seldom practical. For example, if we had 6 attributes with 3 levels each, the total number of possible combinations would be 36 or 729. This is much too large to ask one respondent to rate (and 6 attributes with 3 levels each is untypical modest). When a fractional factorial de sign is used, only a fraction of the total possible number of product combinations needs to be tested, For the above example, a fractional factorial design could be generated (usually with the help of a computer) that would require perhaps as few as 14 product configurations to be rated.It must be kept in mind, however, that whenever a fractional factorial design is used, some information will be lost. It is the job of the researcher creating the experimental design to ensure that the information being sacrificed (usually higher order interaction effects) does not compromise the project's ability to answer the research objectives. Bridging Occasionally, even with the most efficient fractional factorial design, we still end up with more products than can be practically accommodated.One possible solution to that problem is bridging3. Bridging allows the attributes to be divided into two or more sets (with some attributes common to all sets). Each set of attributes is treated like its own trade-off study. A fractional factorial design is created for each set of attributes. Respondents are asked to rate or rank two smaller sets of products rather than one large set. The utilities are calculated for each trade-off exercise independently and bridged together to create one final set of utilities.Cognitive and Non-cognitive Behavior Critical to the selection of an appropriate trade-off technique is the issue of which type of behavior, cognitive or non-cognitive, best represents the behavior being measured. Cognitive behavior is behavior that is based on rational, conscious decision-making. Such factors as price, functionality or durability are typically cognitive. Non-cognitive behavior is behavior that is based on less tangible or even less conscious factors such as status, aspiration, insecurity, perceived taste, etc.One might argue that the selection of a life insurance policy, a computer or a water heater are all cognitive decisions and that the selection of a bee r, a skin cream or a pair of pants are all non-cognitive. One might also argue that all decisions made by humans are non-cognitive. However, trade-off techniques that employ direct questions (self-explicated and hybrid) all assume that the behavior being modeled is cognitive, because at least some of the product features are being rated in a way that requires both awareness and honesty from the respondent.That is, the respondent must be aware of the degree to which a product feature affects his or her purchase decision and also be willing to admit to that degree of affect. Additionally, any data collection methods that rely on verbal or written descriptions of product features all assume that the behavior being modeled is cognitive, because the process of understanding a verbal or written description is itself a cognitive behavior. Non-cognitive trade-off models should be based on an indirect trade-off technique (conjoint or discrete choice) and data collection that relies on experi ence rather than language to communicate the product choices.For example, if you are modeling the pant selection process, show respondents a variety of pants that they can see and touch. A consumer may respond to the phrase â€Å"light blue pants† very differently than he or she would to a particular pair of light blue pants. The Four Main Types of Trade-Off Conjoint Conjoint analysis is the original trade-off approach and uses linear models. There is metric conjoint, where respondents monadic ally rate various product configurations, and non-metric conjoint, where respondents rank a set of product configurations.There are also full-profile conjoint, partial-profile conjoint and pair wise conjoint. Full-profile conjoint uses all product features in every product configuration. Partial profile conjoint uses a smaller subset of available product features in the product configurations. Pair wise conjoint requires the respondent to rate their preference for one product over anoth er in a paired comparison. We will only discuss conjoint methods in general in this paper. Conjoint models are simply regression models which are constructed for each individual respondent.Typically, each respondent rates or ranks 20 to 30 product configurations. Each product configuration contains different levels of the product attributes being tested. If the product levels are varied appropriately (the role of experimental design), a regression model can be estimated for each individual, using the product ratings as cases. The coefficients from the model are the utilities or utils. A conjoint approach should be used if a limited number of attributes needs to be tested and utilities need to be estimated for individual respondents, e. g. conjoint-based segmentation. Discrete Choice Discrete choice differs from conjoint in that respondents are shown a set of products from which they pick the one they most want to buy or none if they are not interested in any of the choices shown (ra ther than rate or rank choices). Respondents are shown several sets of choices sequentially. For each choice set, they are asked to pick one or none. This is in contrast to most forms of conjoint where respondents are not allowed to choose none of the product options (MACRO incorporates no-buy choices into its conjoint models).The discrete choice procedure has the advantage of being more like the actual purchase decision process than does any of the data collection methods used in most Conjoint studies. . Also, in conjoint methods, the mathematical models constructed to simulate market behavior are based on linear regression models. In discrete choice, the basis is the multinomial logit model4, which is non-linear. Another analytical difference is that, in conjoint procedures, the utility weights are estimated for each respondent individually. These weights can often provide the basis for a very powerful customer segmentation.Most commercially available forms of discrete choice do n ot allow this option, although this may be rapidly changing. Further, because discrete choice models are generally estimated at the aggregate level, there exists the possibility that respondents will have strong but opposite preferences to one another. These preferences will effectively cancel each other out when the model is constructed at the aggregate level, yielding the incorrect conclusion that respondents had no strong preference. This is sometimes referred to as the heterogeneity problem.There are two basic forms of discrete choice: classic and exploding data5. Classic discrete choice involves showing a respondent a series of sets of products (as described above). In exploding data discrete choice, respondents are asked to rank order a set of products based on purchase interest (similar to non-metric conjoint). This rank-ordered data set can be transformed into a format suitable for logic model estimation. Exploding data discrete choice has the advantage of more efficient dat a collection over classic discrete choice. The exploding data approach creates many times ore data points (or cases) than the classic approach with the same interview length. Discrete choice should be used if the primary objective of the study is to estimate market share or price sensitivity, a limited number of attributes need to be tested and the sample population is known to be homogeneous with respect to all product attributes. Self-Explicated Conjoint and discrete choice both determines respondent’s utilities indirectly. Self-explicated determines respondents' utilities directly. With self-explicated scales, respondents are asked directly how important all levels of all attributes are to their purchase interest.Despite its conceptual simplicity, self-explicated models have been shown to be comparable to conjoint models. Self-explicated conjoint analysis requires respondents to reveal their utilities directly. Accordingly, standard questionnaire methods can be used to col lect the information. The technique involves the following steps: i. Respondent are informed about all the attributes and their levels, and the respondents are then asked to identify attribute levels that are totally unacceptable to them ii.From among the acceptable levels of the attributes, respondents are asked to indicate which are the most preferred and least preferred levels of each attribute iii. Using the respondents' most important attribute as an anchor, elicit importance ratings for the other attributes (on a 0 – 100 scale) iv. For each attribute, rate the desirability of the different acceptable levels with the attribute v. Utilities for acceptable attribute levels are obtained by multiplying the importance rating and the desirability ratings.The utilities are then entered into a choice simulator program, and choice information similar to other conjoint programs can be obtained. Self-explicated approaches are useful when there are a large number of attributes and t he decision process being modeled is cognitive. Hybrid Hybrid models are models that use a combination of the above techniques. The most famous hybrid model is ACA, Adaptive Conjoint Analysis. Adaptive Conjoint Analysis, in this procedure, a computer program prompts the interviewer with questions. The procedure is as follows:Respondents are first walked through a battery of feature-importance ratings and rankings; second, through a series of pair wise trade-offs of different product configurations. The product configurations shown to any one respondent may not include all of the attributes being tested. The configurations to be paired are based on the answers to the importance questions and rankings asked in the beginning of the interview. Items that are considered of little importance show up in the comparisons less often. Items that are considered of greater importance show up in the comparisons more often.For each pair of products being tested, the respondent is to indicate which product they prefer and the degree to which they prefer it. The software continues prompting with pair wise comparisons of product configurations until enough data has been collected to estimate conjoint utilities for each level of each feature. Since the procedure is adaptive, only a fraction of the total number of possible product combinations is tested. ACA is an approach that is appropriate for building preference models of cognitive behavior with large numbers of attributes.It may not be as useful when price sensitivity, non-cognitive purchase decisions or interaction terms are to be modeled. Cake Method and Logit-Cake Method Other hybrid models include the Cake Method ©8 and the Logit-Cake Method ©9. Both of these models have been developed by MACRO Consulting and were designed to overcome weaknesses in other models. Cake Method The Cake Method © is a unique, proprietary approach to conjoint analysis which offers several advantages over other conjoint methods: A large n umber of product features (50 or more) can be included in the model First rder interactions can be estimated at both the disaggregate and aggregate levels There is complete control over the experimental design, in a full-profile format Since product combinations are specified, via traditional experimental design, before the interview takes place, physical exhibits can be easily incorporated into the interview The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic outline of the approach is to: i.Collect self-explicated scales on most of the product attributes tested ii. Conduct a full-profile conjoint exercise with a limited number of product attributes, some of which are common to the self-explication exercise iii. Estimate conjoint utilities for each respondent iv. Bridge self-explicated scales to utility weights The Cake Method should be used when there are a large number of attributes, utilities need to be estimated for indivi duals, interaction terms need to be measured and the purchase decision is at least partially cognitive.Logit-Cake Method The Logit-Cake Method is a unique, proprietary approach to choice-based trade-off analysis which offers several advantages over other conjoint methods: i. A large number of product features (50 or more) can be included in the model ii. The heterogeneity problem long associated with aggregate logit models is avoided iii. The traditional advantages of logit models over conjoint models are maintained iv. First order interactions can be estimated v.There is complete control over the experimental design, in a full-profile format Since product combinations are specified, via traditional experimental design, before the interview takes place, physical exhibits can be easily incorporated into the interview, The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic outline of the approach is to: i. Collect self-explicated sc ales on all product attributes tested ii. Conduct a full-profile choice-based exercise with a subset of product attributes iii. Segment the sample based on self-explicated scales iv.Estimate logit models for each respondent cluster v. Bridge self-explicated scales to logit-based utility weights The Logit-Cake Method © should be used when there are a large number of attributes, market share and price need to be estimated, interaction terms need to be measured and the purchase decision is at least partially cognitive. MACRO Model One other model will be discussed in this paper. It does not fall into any of the four main types of trade-off models. In fact, it is not strictly speaking a trade-off model because it does not estimate utilities for any product attributes.The MACRO Model was developed by MACRO Consulting to address a specific research methods need that frequently occurs in new product development and packaging. The MACRO Model is a unique approach to new product screening which offers several advantages over other methods: i. A large number of concepts or packages (50 or more) can be screened at one time ii. Price sensitivity can be calculated for every new product concept screened iii. Price/volume can be individually optimized for every product concept tested iv.New product concepts can be screened and/or completely rank ordered on consumer appeal, market share, unit volume, gross dollar volume or gross profits. The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic outline of the approach is to Sort a stack of new product concepts cards (all new product concepts, each at three price points) into two piles: would definitely buy and would not buy. Note: Stack would contain several existing products as reference have them rank order the would buy pile on a continuum from most want to buy to least want to buy.If the number of items to be sorted is too large for one sorting exercise, the task can be broken down into several smaller exercises, with two or three items common across sorting tasks. After the data are collected for all respondents for the various sorting exercises, a bridging technique can be used to incorporate the data from the separate exercises into one rank ordering of all of the items used in the study. Once the data are combined into one rank order data set for each respondent, the MACRO Model © (a first choice share of preference model) can be constructed.The MACRO Model © should be used when the product is too complex to decompose into attributes, e. g. , packaging graphics, when a large number of highly different products are to be included, e. g. , new product screening, when price sensitivity needs to be measured and when products will be screened based on their revenue potential. Conclusion There are a variety of approaches to trade-off analysis, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Which trade off procedure is best is dependent on the issues and constraints of each marketing problem.The marketing problem should be discussed with a researcher who is knowledgeable in all appropriate methodologies before a research approach is selected. Thus trade-off are necessary. The aspects of trade-off analysis are i. Within One logistics Elements, Trade-off that occurs within a single element ii. Between logistics Element, Trade-off that are possible by considering the impact of one on the other iii. Interface between companies functions, these trade-off are brought about through impact on production. iv. Between the Company & other organizations, These trade-off benefit all concerned organizations.Forms of logistics management. Centralized logistics management Centralized logistics management provides that managers that also head other divisions of the company head the logistics operations. This type of management helps avoid internal problems by having a central manager that ultimately decides how logistics and operations are coor dinated. Decentralized logistics management Decentralized logistics management is based on the fact that a company needs to have a division that helps control the local-adaptation needs. Dealing with different cultures requires input from the local branch.The managers that deal with the cultural differences on a daily basis normally know what works and what don’t. Outsourcing Outsourcing is the final option for logistics management. When this happens, transportation firms concentrate on logistics, and the company can concentrate on it's production. There are many cost savings using this type of program, however that lack of control can negatively effect many companies. International logistics requires many different options and requirements to be met in order for a company to operate internationally.It's like a big puzzle that must be put together, in order for all the goals to be met. As described above, there are many options to consider, and sometimes what appears to be an option really isn't. It is not difficult to hit a road block, and you must start over with a new plan. Once the logistics plan is in place, you must constantly look for improvements in order to maximize profits and goals. Source for trade off analysis An edited version of this article was published in the February, 1998 issue of Quirk’s Marketing Research Review. i. P.Richard McCullough, MACROModel ©-A Price Sensitivity and Volumetric Approach to New Product Concept Screening, Mountain View, CA, 1995. A MACRO white paper ii. Pierre Francois, Douglas L. MacLachlan and Anja Jacobs, Bridging Designs for Conjoint Analysis: The Issue of Attribute Importance, Leuven, Belgium, 1991-2. An unpublished paper iii. R. Duncan Luce, Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: John Wiley, 1959 Richard R. Batsell and Abba M. Krieger, Least-Squares Parameter Estimation For Luce-Based Choice Models, June, 1979. iv. Randall G.Chapman and Richard Staelin, Exploiting Rank Ord ered Choice Set Data Within the Stochastic Utility Model, Journal of Marketing Research, August, 1982. v. V. Srinivasan, A Conjunctive-Compensatory Approach To The Self-Explication of Multiattributed Preferences, Decision Sciences, 1988, vol. 19. vi. ACA is a product of Sawtooth Software, Inc. , Sequim, WA. Sawtooth Software offers a broad range of trade-off software products. vii. P. Richard McCullough, The Cake Method ©-A Proprietary Hybrid Conjoint Approach to Trade-off, Mountain View, CA, 1997. A MACRO white paper. viii. P.Richard McCullough, The Logit-Cake Method ©-A Proprietary Hybrid Choice-Based Approach to Trade-off, Mountain View, CA, 1997. A MACRO white paper. Questions for self-analyzation: Q1 What is the relation between Marketing and Logistics? Quote a Suitable example to prove the relationship. Q2 What are the subsystems of Logistics Management? Expain the importance of about each system with respect to the importance in business? Q3 What do you understand by Trad e-Off Analysis. Explain the various techniques used to do the same. Also explain the importance of trade-off analysis. CHAPTER-3International Logistics Introduction For the international firm, customer locations and sourcing opportunities are widely dispersed. The firm can attain a strategically advantageous position only if it is able to successfully manage complex networks, consisting of its vendors, suppliers, other third parties, and its customers. Logistics costs comprise between 10% and 30% of the total landed costs of an international order. Thus, international logistics is a competitive tool. Effective international logistics and supply-chain management can produce higher earnings and greater corporate efficiency.Definition